A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: forming a plurality of display devices in a display area of a substrate including an opening area and the display area surrounding the opening area; and forming an opening in the opening area, wherein the forming of the opening includes: performing a first scan operation, whereby a laser beam is irradiated onto an edge of the opening area in a direction of the substrate along a plurality of first unit paths; and performing a second scan operation, whereby the laser beam is irradiated onto the edge of the opening area in the direction of the substrate along a plurality of second unit paths that are different from the plurality of first unit paths.

A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: forming a plurality of display devices in a display area of a substrate including an opening area and the display area surrounding the opening area; and forming an opening in the opening area, wherein the forming of the opening includes: performing a first scan operation, whereby a laser beam is irradiated onto an edge of the opening area in a direction of the substrate along a plurality of first unit paths; and performing a second scan operation, whereby the laser beam is irradiated onto the edge of the opening area in the direction of the substrate along a plurality of second unit paths that are different from the plurality of first unit paths.

A laser hole drilling system. The system includes a laser source that generates a laser beam along an optical axis, a cylindrical lens along the optical axis downstream of the laser source, and a spherical lens downstream of the cylindrical lens, the spherical lens offset from the optical axis to provide an anamorphic optical train to generate an asymmetric teardrop shaped energy distribution at a focal plane.

A laser hole drilling system. The system includes a laser source that generates a laser beam along an optical axis, a cylindrical lens along the optical axis downstream of the laser source, and a spherical lens downstream of the cylindrical lens, the spherical lens offset from the optical axis to provide an anamorphic optical train to generate an asymmetric teardrop shaped energy distribution at a focal plane.

A laser hole drilling system includes a laser source that generates a laser beam along an optical axis; a spherical lens along the optical axis downstream of the laser source; and a control system in communication with the spherical lens and the laser source, the control system operable to locate the spherical lens with respect to the laser source to produce a light distribution in polar coordinates of a real portion of the Fourier Transform to generate an asymmetric teardrop shaped energy distribution at a focal plane.

A laser hole drilling system includes a laser source that generates a laser beam along an optical axis; a spherical lens along the optical axis downstream of the laser source; and a control system in communication with the spherical lens and the laser source, the control system operable to locate the spherical lens with respect to the laser source to produce a light distribution in polar coordinates of a real portion of the Fourier Transform to generate an asymmetric teardrop shaped energy distribution at a focal plane.

The present invention presents a method of fabrication for a physiological sensor with electronic, electrochemical, and chemical components. The fabrication method comprises steps for manufacturing an apparatus comprising at least one electrochemical sensor, a microcontroller, and a transceiver. The fabrication process includes the steps of substrate fabrication, circuit fabrication, pick and place, reflow soldering, electrode fabrication, membrane fabrication, sealing and curing, layer bonding, and dressing. The physiological sensor is operable to analyze biological fluids such as sweat.

The present invention presents a method of fabrication for a physiological sensor with electronic, electrochemical, and chemical components. The fabrication method comprises steps for manufacturing an apparatus comprising at least one electrochemical sensor, a microcontroller, and a transceiver. The fabrication process includes the steps of substrate fabrication, circuit fabrication, pick and place, reflow soldering, electrode fabrication, membrane fabrication, sealing and curing, layer bonding, and dressing. The physiological sensor is operable to analyze biological fluids such as sweat.

A method for the optoinjection of exogenous material in a recipient biological cell is disclosed and comprises: placing a biological cell on a planar surface of a substrate, transmitting a sub-ns pulsed laser beam through a variable convergence/divergence collimator; focusing the laser beam in a focal spot positioned along an axial direction substantially perpendicular to the substrate; moving the focal spot towards the cell along the axial direction by continuously varying the electric control signal from a first amplitude value a second amplitude value the second amplitude value of the control signal is selected such that the second axial position is positioned inside the cell.

A system of producing metal cored solder structures on a substrate includes: a decal, a carrier, and receiving elements. The decal includes one or more apertures each of which is tapered from a top surface to a bottom surface thereof. The carrier is positioned beneath the bottom of the decal and includes cavities in a top surface. The cavities are located in alignment with the apertures of the decal. The decal is positioned on the carrier having the decal bottom surface in contact with the carrier top surface to form feature cavities defined by the decal apertures and the carrier cavities. The feature cavities are shaped to receive one or more metal elements and are configured for receiving molten solder cooled in the cavities. The decal is separable from the carrier to partially expose metal core solder contacts. The receiving elements receive the metal core solder contacts thereon.