A tire tread comprises at least one tread pattern block having at least one circumferential reinforcing element made of a composition having a dynamic shear modulus G* at least twice the dynamic shear modulus G* of the composition of the rest of the blocks of the tread. The composition of the at least one circumferential reinforcing element is based on at least one diene elastomer, one reinforcing filler comprising a carbon black exhibiting an STSA specific surface area, measured according to the standard D6556-2016, of greater than or equal to 90 m.sup.2/g, one epoxy resin, one amine-comprising curing agent and one crosslinking system.

The invention provides a pneumatic tire which can reduce a rolling resistance while maintaining an wear resistance. Among a cap portion in a center area, at least the cap portion of a center land portion is provided with a cap front layer which includes a surface, and a cap inner layer which is laminated in an inner periphery of the cap front layer. A loss tangent of the cap front layer is set to be smaller than a loss tangent of the cap inner layer and be smaller than a loss tangent of the cap portions in the shoulder areas.

Method of determining the longitudinal pitch of blocks of a tread band having a raised pattern with a number of longitudinal grooves and transverse grooves; the method including the step of calculating a best longitudinal pitch of the blocks, to minimize pass-by noise at a given target speed, as a function of the resonance frequency of the longitudinal grooves and an integer greater than zero.

The present invention is directed to a tire comprising a tread comprising: a plurality of circumferential grooves separating circumferential ribs, each groove comprising a bottom and two sidewalls; one or more groove reinforcements, each groove reinforcement laterally spaced from any other of said one or more groove reinforcements; wherein each groove reinforcement is arranged adjacent one circumferential groove; wherein at least one circumferential groove has no groove reinforcement adjacent to it; and wherein each groove reinforcement extends from the radially inner surface of the tread in a radially outward direction at least to the bottom of the adjacent circumferential groove to form at least part of the bottom of that groove.

The present invention provides a method for surface-modifying a rubber vulcanizate or a thermoplastic elastomer, which can cost-effectively provide a variety of functions, such as remarkable sliding properties or biocompatibility, according to the application. The present invention relates to a method for surface-modifying a rubber vulcanizate or a thermoplastic elastomer as a modification target, the method including: step 1 of forming polymerization initiation points A on a surface of the modification target; step 2 of radically polymerizing a non-functional monomer starting from the polymerization initiation points A to grow non-functional polymer chains; step 3 of washing the modification target on which the non-functional polymer chains are grown; step 4 of forming polymerization initiation points B on a surface of the non-functional polymer chains; and step 5 of radically polymerizing a fluorine-containing functional monomer starting from the polymerization initiation points B to grow fluorine-containing functional polymer chains.

A tire includes a circumferential tread constructed of a base material. The circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces. The circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars. A reinforcement layer covers at least some of the plurality of valleys and an outer layer covers at least a portion of the reinforcement layer.

The tire tread has a ground-contact surface and a main groove, secondary grooves; and blocks. The blocks are each provided with an upper surface, front-surface side walls, side-surface side walls, front-surface edges formed in positions where the upper surface intersects the front-surface side walls and side-surface edges formed in positions where the upper surface intersects the side-surface side walls. The blocks each have a reinforcement section with an average thickness of t and an elastic modulus (Ef) higher than the elastic modulus (Et) of a rubber composition forming the tread. An undulating section with ridge sections and a valley section is formed in the front-surface side wall. The undulating section is provided so as to form at least a portion of the at least one front-surface side wall having the reinforcement section provided thereto, and so as to form at least a portion of the reinforcement section.

Tire (1) for a heavy vehicle of construction plant type with tread (2) comprising raised elements (3), separated by grooves (4), extending radially outwards from a bottom surface (5) as far as a contact face (6) over a height (H) and comprising base compound (9) and coating compound (10). Coating compound (10) has a constant maximum thickness (e.sub.max), at the contact face (6) of each raised element (3), at most equal to 0.15 H, the coating compound (10) has a constant minimum thickness (e.sub.min), at each groove bottom (8), at least equal to 0.04 H, and the elongation at break at 23 C. A.sub.R2 of the coating compound (10) is at least equal to 1.05 times the elongation at break of 23 C. A.sub.R1 of the base compound (9).