There is disclosed a vehicle air conditioning device of a heat pump system which delays proceeding of frosting onto an outdoor heat exchanger, thereby eliminating or inhibiting deterioration of a heating capability due to the frosting. The vehicle air conditioning device executes a heating mode in which a controller lets a refrigerant discharged from a compressor 2 radiate heat in a radiator 4, decompresses the refrigerant by which heat has been radiated, and then lets the refrigerant absorb heat in an outdoor heat exchanger 7, and on the basis of a difference TXO=(TXObaseTXO) between a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXObase of the outdoor heat exchanger 7 in non-frosting and a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXO of the outdoor heat exchanger 7, the controller corrects a target subcool degree TGSC that is a target value of a subcool degree of the refrigerant in the radiator 4 in an increasing direction in accordance with increase of the difference TXO.

Methods and system for providing de-icing a heat pump heat exchanger and heating a vehicle passenger cabin are presented. In one example, a heat pump that experiences icing of exterior heat exchanger fins may be operated in a cooling mode where a passenger cabin heat exchanger operates as an evaporator to improve de-icing of the exterior heat exchanger fins.

There is disclosed a vehicle air conditioning device of a heat pump system which delays proceeding of frosting onto an outdoor heat exchanger, thereby eliminating or inhibiting deterioration of a heating capability due to the frosting. The vehicle air conditioning device executes a heating mode in which a controller lets a refrigerant discharged from a compressor 2 radiate heat in a radiator 4, decompresses the refrigerant by which heat has been radiated, and then lets the refrigerant absorb heat in an outdoor heat exchanger 7, and on the basis of a difference TXO=(TXObaseTXO) between a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXObase of the outdoor heat exchanger 7 in non-frosting and a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXO of the outdoor heat exchanger 7, the controller corrects a target subcool degree TGSC that is a target value of a subcool degree of the refrigerant in the radiator 4 in an increasing direction in accordance with increase of the difference TXO.

An electrical heating system for a vehicle. The system includes: a transparent metallic layer configured to be mounted to a transparent material, conduct electrical current, and increase in temperature to heat the transparent material in response to electrical current running across the transparent metallic layer; a power supply; a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system configured to heat and cool a passenger cabin of the vehicle; and a control module. The control module is configured to: apply voltage from the power supply to the transparent metallic layer to heat the transparent material; and apply voltage from the power supply to a component of the HVAC system to heat the component of the HVAC system.

A vehicle thermal management system includes a switching portion that switches between a state in which a heat medium circulates through a heat-medium cooling heat exchanger and a state in which the heat medium circulates through a heat-medium heating heat exchanger with respect to each of an engine heat-transfer portion and a heat-generating device, a flow-rate adjustment portion that adjusts the flow rate of the heat medium for each of a heat-medium outside-air heat exchanger and the engine heat-transfer portion, an air-conditioning requesting portion that makes a cooling request for an air cooling heat exchanger to cool the ventilation air as well as a heating request for an air heating heat exchanger to heat the ventilation air, and a controller that controls an operation of at least one of the switching portion, a compressor, and the flow-rate adjustment portion based on presence/absence of the cooling request and presence/absence of the heating request from the air-conditioning requesting portion.

There is disclosed a vehicle air conditioner device of a so-called heat pump system to accurately perform efficient and comfortable heating of a vehicle interior. The vehicle air conditioner device includes a heating medium circulating circuit 23 which heats air to be supplied from an air flow passage 3 to a vehicle interior. A controller calculates a required heating capability TGQhtr of the heating medium circulating circuit to complement a shortage of an actual heating capability Qhp to a required heating capability TGQ of a radiator 4. The controller calculates a decrease amount Qhp of the actual heating capability Qhp from a difference TXO between a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXO of an outdoor heat exchanger 7 and a refrigerant evaporation temperature TXObase in non-frosting, and adds the decrease amount Qhp to the required heating capability TGQhtr to execute the heating by the heating medium circulating circuit.

A semiconductor device includes a chip stack structure including a first semiconductor chip and a second semiconductor chip stacked on the first semiconductor chip. The first semiconductor chip includes a first substrate, a first circuit layer on a front surface of the first substrate, and a first connecting layer disposed on the first circuit layer and including a first metal pad electrically connected to the first circuit layer. The second semiconductor chip includes a second substrate, a second circuit layer on a front surface of the second substrate, and a second connecting layer disposed on the second circuit layer and including a second metal pad electrically connected to the second circuit layer. The first connecting layer faces the second connecting layer. The first and second metal pads are in contact with each other to couple the first and second semiconductor chips to each other.

A method of operating a transport refrigeration system comprises: controlling, using a controller (30), a plurality of components of the refrigeration system and monitoring, using the controller, a plurality of operating parameters of the refrigeration system. The controlling comprises operating at least one of a prime mover (26), heater (48), and electric generation device (24). The operating parameters comprise at least one of a speed of the prime mover and a voltage of the electric generation device. The method comprises detecting, using the controller, when at least one of a heating mode and a defrost mode is required; activating, using the controller, the heater when at least one of the heating mode and the defrost mode is required; comparing, using the controller, the voltage of the electric generation device to a selected voltage; and controlling, using the controller, the speed of the prime mover in response to the voltage of the electric generation device.

A method (300) of de-icing a return air intake of a transport refrigeration system is provided. The method comprises using a controller for controlling the refrigeration system; determining (306) when de-icing mode is required; deactivating (308) an evaporator and an evaporator fan of the refrigeration system when de-icing mode is required; activating (310) a heater when de-icing mode is required; adjusting (312) the temperature of the heater to a selected temperature; deactivating (314) the heater when the heater has reached the selected temperature; and permitting (316) the refrigeration system to remain deactivated for a selected time period.

An air conditioning system of a vehicle having an internal combustion engine includes a condenser configured to receive refrigerant output by an electric compressor and transfer heat from the refrigerant within the condenser to air passing the condenser. A first evaporator is configured to receive refrigerant from the condenser when a first control valve is open and transfer heat from air passing the first evaporator to the refrigerant within the first evaporator. A first blower is configured to blow air across the first evaporator to a first section of a cabin of the vehicle. A second evaporator is configured to receive refrigerant from the condenser when a second control valve is open and transfer heat from air passing the second evaporator to the refrigerant within the second evaporator. A second blower is configured to blow air across the second evaporator to a second section of the cabin of the vehicle.