Disclosed are nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides and nucleotides that can be administered to preterm infants, term infants, toddlers, and children for reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.

The invention provides a savoury concentrate comprising: a) at least 30 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of an oil phase comprising liquid oil; b) 3-30 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of edible salt selected from sodium chloride, potassium chloride and combinations thereof; c) 1-50 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of savoury taste giving ingredients selected from glutamate, 5′-ribonucleotides, sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactic acid, citric acid and combinations thereof; d) up to 10 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of water; and e) particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material from plant tissue selected from parenchymal plant tissue, stem tissue of monocotyledon plants and combinations thereof, said particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material having a particle size of between 25 μm and 500 μm;
wherein the particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material is dispersed in the oil phase in a concentration of 0.05 to 15 wt. %, by weight of the liquid oil. The particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material from parenchymal pant tissue and/or stem tissue of monocotyledon plants is capable of forming an oil-retaining matrix within the liquid oil and thereby minimize oil exudation.

The invention provides a savoury concentrate comprising: a) at least 30 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of an oil phase comprising liquid oil; b) 3-30 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of edible salt selected from sodium chloride, potassium chloride and combinations thereof; c) 1-50 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of savoury taste giving ingredients selected from glutamate, 5′-ribonucleotides, sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactic acid, citric acid and combinations thereof; d) up to 10 wt. %, by weight of the concentrate, of water; and e) particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material from plant tissue selected from parenchymal plant tissue, stem tissue of monocotyledon plants and combinations thereof, said particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material having a particle size of between 25 μm and 500 μm;
wherein the particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material is dispersed in the oil phase in a concentration of 0.05 to 15 wt. %, by weight of the liquid oil. The particulate anhydrous non-defibrillated cell wall material from parenchymal pant tissue and/or stem tissue of monocotyledon plants is capable of forming an oil-retaining matrix within the liquid oil and thereby minimize oil exudation.

The present disclosure provides a nutritional formula comprising alpha-lactalbumin enriched whey protein concentrate; beta-casein enriched milk protein; mildly hydrolyzed milk protein; osteopontin; lactoferrin; oleic acid-palmitic acid-oleic acid triglyceride, wherein palmitic acid is at the SN-2 position of the glycerol backbone of the triglyceride; lactose, wherein the lactose is reduced lactose; lutein; docosahexanoic acid; arachidonic acid; galactooligosaccharides; and polydextrose. The provided nutritional formulas may be useful in providing nutrition and/or promoting postnatal development of a subject (e.g., promoting postnatal development of an infant's gastrointestinal functions, nutrient absorption, immune system development, etc.). Also provided are powder forms, reconstituted formulas, kits, methods, and uses that include or involve a nutritional formula described herein.

The present disclosure provides a nutritional formula comprising alpha-lactalbumin enriched whey protein concentrate; beta-casein enriched milk protein; mildly hydrolyzed milk protein; osteopontin; lactoferrin; oleic acid-palmitic acid-oleic acid triglyceride, wherein palmitic acid is at the SN-2 position of the glycerol backbone of the triglyceride; lactose, wherein the lactose is reduced lactose; lutein; docosahexanoic acid; arachidonic acid; galactooligosaccharides; and polydextrose. The provided nutritional formulas may be useful in providing nutrition and/or promoting postnatal development of a subject (e.g., promoting postnatal development of an infant's gastrointestinal functions, nutrient absorption, immune system development, etc.). Also provided are powder forms, reconstituted formulas, kits, methods, and uses that include or involve a nutritional formula described herein.

Bovine milk-isolated powdered exosomes comprise intact exosomes. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes isolated from bovine milk. A method of preparing powdered exosomes comprises centrifuging bovine milk to form a lipid fraction top layer, a whey fraction middle layer, and a first pellet of cells and debris, separating the whey fraction and centrifuging the separated whey fraction to remove additional fat, casein aggregates and debris and form a substantially clear whey fraction, microfiltering the substantially clear whey fraction to remove residual debris, centrifuging the microfiltered whey fraction to obtain a pellet containing exosomes, incubating the exosome-containing pellet in aqueous medium to dissolve the pellet without disrupting exosome membranes to provide an exosome suspension, and drying the suspension to obtain the powdered exosomes. Methods of lowering a risk of developing, or treating, insulin resistance, prediabetes, or diabetes in a subject employ exosomes

Bovine milk-isolated powdered exosomes comprise intact exosomes. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes isolated from bovine milk. A method of preparing powdered exosomes comprises centrifuging bovine milk to form a lipid fraction top layer, a whey fraction middle layer, and a first pellet of cells and debris, separating the whey fraction and centrifuging the separated whey fraction to remove additional fat, casein aggregates and debris and form a substantially clear whey fraction, microfiltering the substantially clear whey fraction to remove residual debris, centrifuging the microfiltered whey fraction to obtain a pellet containing exosomes, incubating the exosome-containing pellet in aqueous medium to dissolve the pellet without disrupting exosome membranes to provide an exosome suspension, and drying the suspension to obtain the powdered exosomes. Methods of lowering a risk of developing, or treating, insulin resistance, prediabetes, or diabetes in a subject employ exosomes

The present disclosure relates to a composition for preventing or treating fibrosis including an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 17 (CDK17) expression or activity. According to the present disclosure, the inhibitor of CDK17 expression or activity significantly reduces collagen production and cell activity and viability in activated hepatic stellate cells (liver fibrosis cell model), renal tubular epithelial cells (renal fibrosis cell model) in which fibrosis is induced by TGF-β treatment, and alveolar epithelial cells (lung fibrosis cell model) in which fibrosis is induced by TGF-β treatment, indicating that the composition of the present disclosure has an excellent effect in preventing or treating fibrosis.

The present disclosure relates to a composition for preventing or treating fibrosis including an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 17 (CDK17) expression or activity. According to the present disclosure, the inhibitor of CDK17 expression or activity significantly reduces collagen production and cell activity and viability in activated hepatic stellate cells (liver fibrosis cell model), renal tubular epithelial cells (renal fibrosis cell model) in which fibrosis is induced by TGF-β treatment, and alveolar epithelial cells (lung fibrosis cell model) in which fibrosis is induced by TGF-β treatment, indicating that the composition of the present disclosure has an excellent effect in preventing or treating fibrosis.

Provided herein are methods and compositions for synthesizing 5′Capped RNAs wherein the initiating capped oligonucleotide primers have the general form .sup.m7Gppp[N.sub.2′Ome].sub.n[N].sub.m wherein .sup.m7G is N7-methylated guanosine or any guanosine analog, N is any natural, modified or unnatural nucleoside, “n” can be any integer from 0 to 4 and “m” can be an integer from 1 to 9.