A method of making a multifunctional catalyst for upgrading pyrolysis oil includes contacting a zeolite support with a solution including at least a first metal catalyst precursor and a second metal catalyst precursor, the first metal catalyst precursor, the second metal catalyst precursor, or both, including a heteropolyacid. Contacting the zeolite support with the solution deposits or adsorbs the first metal catalyst precursor and the second catalyst precursor onto outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support to produce a multifunctional catalyst precursor. The method further includes removing excess solution from the multifunctional catalyst precursor and calcining the multifunctional catalyst precursor to produce the multifunctional catalyst comprising at least a first metal catalyst and a second metal catalyst deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support.

Provided is a catalyst for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which a ratio of a diffraction line intensity of 2=19.10.3 with respect to a diffraction line intensity of 2=10.70.3 in X-ray diffraction measurement is 0.20 or more and less than 0.58, and the catalyst having an active component represented by formula (A) shown below:

Mo.sub.10V.sub.aP.sub.bCu.sub.cAs.sub.dX.sub.eO.sub.g(A)

Provided is a catalyst for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which a ratio of a diffraction line intensity of 2=19.10.3 with respect to a diffraction line intensity of 2=10.70.3 in X-ray diffraction measurement is 0.20 or more and less than 0.58, and the catalyst having an active component represented by formula (A) shown below:

Mo.sub.10V.sub.aP.sub.bCu.sub.cAs.sub.dX.sub.eO.sub.g(A)

A (methyl)acrolein oxidation catalyst and a preparation method therefor-in which the catalyst has a composition represented by the following formula: x(Mo12PaCsbVcDeOf)+tC/yZ in which Mo.sub.12P.sub.aCs.sub.bV.sub.cD.sub.eO.sub.f is a heteropolyacid salt main catalyst; C is a nano carbon fiber additive, and Z is a carrier thermal conduction diluent; Mo, P, Cs, V, and O represent the elements of molybdenum, phosphorus, cesium, vanadium, and oxygen, respectively; D represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, zinc, tungsten, silicon, nickel, and palladium; a, b, c, e, and f represent the atomic ratio of each element, a=0.1-3, b=0.01-3, c=0.01-5, e=0.01-2, and f being the atomic ratio of oxygen required to satisfy the valence of each of the described components; x and y represent the weights of the main catalyst and the carrier thermal conduction diluent Z, and y/x=11.1-50%; and t represents the weight of the nano carbon fiber, and t/x=3-10%.

A (methyl)acrolein oxidation catalyst and a preparation method therefor-in which the catalyst has a composition represented by the following formula: x(Mo12PaCsbVcDeOf)+tC/yZ in which Mo.sub.12P.sub.aCs.sub.bV.sub.cD.sub.eO.sub.f is a heteropolyacid salt main catalyst; C is a nano carbon fiber additive, and Z is a carrier thermal conduction diluent; Mo, P, Cs, V, and O represent the elements of molybdenum, phosphorus, cesium, vanadium, and oxygen, respectively; D represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, zinc, tungsten, silicon, nickel, and palladium; a, b, c, e, and f represent the atomic ratio of each element, a=0.1-3, b=0.01-3, c=0.01-5, e=0.01-2, and f being the atomic ratio of oxygen required to satisfy the valence of each of the described components; x and y represent the weights of the main catalyst and the carrier thermal conduction diluent Z, and y/x=11.1-50%; and t represents the weight of the nano carbon fiber, and t/x=3-10%.

A catalytic bed for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride which comprises at least one first catalytic layer and at least one second catalytic layer, wherein each catalytic layer consists of a vanadium and phosphorus mixed oxide (VPO) catalyst and only the catalyst of the second catalytic layer further comprises tungsten, and wherein the second catalytic layer constitutes 25% to 45% of the total length of the catalytic bed and is arranged consecutively after the first catalytic layer along the direction in which the mixture of gases comprising the oxidation reagents flows. The present invention also relates to a process for producing maleic anhydride by partial oxidation of n-butane which uses the catalytic bed.

Provided is a photocatalyst including a photocatalyst in which part of calcium ions are substituted with titanium ions, and part of phosphoric acid ions are substituted with metal oxoacid ions in a calcium hydroxyapatite crystal structure.

Provided is a photocatalyst including a photocatalyst in which part of calcium ions are substituted with titanium ions, and part of phosphoric acid ions are substituted with metal oxoacid ions in a calcium hydroxyapatite crystal structure.

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a filter element and a catalyst, where the filter element is configured to remove particulate from a stream that includes at least one of a gas and/or a vapor to form a filtered stream of the gas and/or the vapor, the catalyst is configured to receive the filtered stream and react a compound in the filtered stream to form an upgraded stream of the gas and/or the vapor, further including an upgraded compound, and both the filter element and the catalyst are configured to be substantially stable at temperatures up to about 500 C.

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a filter element and a catalyst, where the filter element is configured to remove particulate from a stream that includes at least one of a gas and/or a vapor to form a filtered stream of the gas and/or the vapor, the catalyst is configured to receive the filtered stream and react a compound in the filtered stream to form an upgraded stream of the gas and/or the vapor, further including an upgraded compound, and both the filter element and the catalyst are configured to be substantially stable at temperatures up to about 500 C.