Process and apparatus for producing a hydrogen-containing product by steam-hydrocarbon reforming of multiple hydrocarbon feedstocks in a production facility utilizing a prereformer in addition to the primary reformer. The temperature of the reactant mixture introduced into the prereformer is controlled depending on the composition of the reactant mixture fed to the prereformer.

A catalytic reactor may have at least one reactor module and a shell that extends about a reactor center axis. The reactor module may include a gas distribution chamber, a gas collection chamber, and a catalyst. The gas distribution chamber may be connected to a shell-side gas feed. The gas collection chamber may be connected to a shell-side gas discharge. A catalyst bed between the distribution and collection chambers may extend transversely to the reactor center axis. The gas distribution and collection chambers are bounded by the catalyst bed and reactor walls. The gas feed either opens into the gas distribution chamber on the shell side or is connected to a pipe length that extends towards the reactor center axis and opens into the gas distribution chamber in the region of the reactor center axis. A height parallel to the reactor center axis of the gas distribution chamber reduces towards the reactor center axis starting from a mouth of the gas feed in the case of a shell-side connection.

A process layout for large scale methanol synthesis comprises one or more boiling water reactors and one or more radial flow reactors in series, the boiling water reactor(s) being fed with approximately fresh make-up syngas. The methanol synthesis loop comprises a make-up gas compressor K1, a recycle gas compressor K2, two or more boiling water converters for methanol synthesis (A1, A2, . . . ), a radial flow converter (B) for methanol synthesis, a steam drum (V1), a high pressure separator (V2), a low pressure separator (V3), feed effluent heat exchangers (E1 and E2), a wash column (C), an air cooler (E3) and a water cooler (E4).

Methods for producing polyolefin polymers may use a predictive melt index regression to estimate the melt index of the polyolefin during production based on the composition of the gas phase and, optionally, the concentration of catalyst in the reactor or reactor operating conditions. Such predictive melt index regression may include multiple terms to account for concentration of ICA in the reactor, optionally concentration of hydrogen in the reactor, optionally concentration of comonomer in the reactor, optionally the catalyst composition, and optionally reactor operating conditions. One or more terms may independently be represented by a smoothing function that incorporates a time constant.

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for heating a fluidizing agent for a fluidized bed reactor in which the fluidizing agent is fed to the fluidized bed reactor. The fluidizing agent is heated by heat of the process gas and/or heat of flue gas in at least one heat exchanger in which the heat of the process gas and/or the heat of the flue gas is utilized after the fluidized bed reactor, and the heated fluidizing agent is fed to the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor. Further, the invention relates to the use of the method.

A fluid distribution cap (301) for a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a tunnel shaped structure having two opposing walls for attaching to a fluid distribution plate (103), and at least one opening at an end of the tunnel shaped structure. The tunnel shaped structure has an inner surface (302) and an outer surface (303), wherein the inner surface (302) has a curved cross section, and wherein the outer surface (303) has a substantially V-shaped cross section. A fluid distribution plate (103) for a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a plate having a plurality of fluid vent holes (113), a plurality of fluid distribution caps (301), wherein for each fluid vent hole (113) a fluid distribution cap (301) is mounted over said hole (113). At least two mutually neighboring fluid distribution caps (301) are positioned with an opening of a first of the two neighboring fluid distribution caps facing a side of the second of the two neighboring fluid distribution caps. A fluidized bed reactor having a fluid distribution plate (103) and a fluid distribution cap (301).

Process and apparatus for producing a hydrogen-containing product by steam-hydrocarbon reforming of multiple hydrocarbon feedstocks in a production facility utilizing a prereformer in addition to the primary reformer. The temperature of the reactant mixture introduced into the prereformer is controlled depending on the composition of the reactant mixture fed to the prereformer.

Polyolefin polymerization performed by contacting in a reactor an olefin monomer and optionally a comonomer with a catalyst system in the presence of induced condensing agents (ICA) and optionally hydrogen. The ICA may include two or more ICA components where the composition of the ICA (i.e., the concentration of each ICA component) may affect the polyolefin production rate. Changes to the relative concentration of the two or more ICA components may be according to ICA equivalency factors that allow for increasing the polyolefin production rate while maintain a sticking temperature, increasing polyolefin production rate while increasing the dew point approach temperature of the ICA, or a combination thereof.

Apparatuses and processes for converting an oxygenate feedstock, such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether, in a fluidized bed containing a catalyst to hydrocarbons, such as gasoline boiling components, olefins and aromatics are provided herein.

The catalyst productivity of a polyolefin catalyst in the methods disclosed herein may be increased by increasing the concentration of an induced condensing agent (ICA) in the reactor system. The effect the increased ICA concentration may have on a melt index may be counteracted, if necessary, in various ways.