A strengthening oxidation system of the external micro-interfacial unit for producing PTA with PX is provided, including: a reactor, a circulating heat exchange device and a micro-interfacial unit. The reactor includes an outer casing and an inner cylinder disposed concentrically inside the outer casing. The circulating heat exchange device is disposed at an exterior of the reactor, and is connected with the outer casing and the inner cylinder respectively, for regulating reaction temperatures of the first reaction zone, the second reaction zone and the third reaction zone inside the reactor in a reaction process of producing PTA with PX. the micro-interfacial unit is connected between the reactor and the circulating heat exchange device, and connected with an external feed pipe of the reactor, for crushing a gas phase material into micro bubbles with a diameter greater than or equal to 1 μm and less than 1 mm and for mixing the micro bubbles with a liquid phase material to form an emulsion at the exterior of the reactor before a reaction material enters each of the reaction zones inside the reactor.

The present invention relates to processes and apparatus useful for (fast) ionic polymerisation of liquid monomer(s) containing reaction mixture for the production of the corresponding polymer(s).

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

Systems and methods are provided for production of carbon nanotubes and H.sub.2 using a reaction system configuration that is suitable for large scale production. In the reaction system, a substantial portion of the heat for the reaction can be provided by using a heated gas stream. Optionally, the heated gas stream can correspond to a heated H.sub.2 gas stream. By using a heated gas stream, when the catalyst precursors for the floating catalyst-chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) type catalyst are added to the gas stream, the gas stream can be at a temperature of 1000° C. or more. This can reduce or minimize loss of catalyst precursor material and/or deposition of coke on sidewalls of the reactor. Additionally, a downstream portion of the reactor can include a plurality of flow channels of reduced size that are passed through a heat exchanger environment, such as a shell and tube heat exchanger. This can provide cooling of the gas flow after catalyst formation to allow for carbon nanotube formation, while also reducing the Reynolds number of the flow sufficiently to provide laminar flow within the region where carbon nanotubes are formed.

The present invention relates to a combustion heater (100) for providing controlled heat (H) to an endothermic reaction process. The combustion heater comprises an integrated burner (20) to yield a hot burner exhaust gas (35) flow from burning a first fuel. The burner exhaust gas mixed with oxidant flows to a flue gas outlet along a flue gas flow path (FGP). Provided to the combustion chamber at a position outside a direct reach of flames from the burner is a secondary fuel conduit (30) with a plurality of nozzles (31) from which a second fuel (32) is transferred into a flow along the said flue gas flow path (FGP). The resulting combustion of the second fuel can be used to provide controlled heat to the to endothermic reaction operated in a reaction conduit (40) that is in thermal heat exchange with the combustion chamber.

A combined reforming apparatus is provided. The combined reforming apparatus includes a body, a first catalyst tube disposed inside the body and reacting at a first temperature to reform hydrocarbons (C.sub.xH.sub.y) having two or more carbon atoms into methane (CH.sub.4), a second catalyst tube disposed inside the body, connected to the first catalyst tube, and reacting at a second temperature higher than the first temperature to reform methane (CH.sub.4) into synthesis gas comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and a combustion unit configured to supply heat to the first and second catalyst tubes.

An esterification reaction apparatus and an esterification reaction method, the esterification reaction apparatus comprising a reaction tank having an accommodation part, in which a raw material containing carboxylic acid and alcohol is accommodated, a heating unit configured to individually heat partition regions that are partitioned into N regions in a vertical direction of the accommodation part, and a controller configured to control the heating unit so that only the partition regions in which a liquid is accommodated among the N partition regions are heated, thereby performing an esterification reaction of the raw material.

Systems and processes for dehydrogenating one or more alkanes using electrically heated dehydrogenation reactors. The source of electric energy or power can be a power grid, solar panel, windmill, hydropower, nuclear power, fuel cell, gas turbines, steam turbines, portable generator or the like. The systems and processes provided herein result in a simpler dehydrogenation process which is particularly beneficial at a small scale and at remote locations, including the well site.

Disclosed is a fuel processor. The fuel processor includes: a steam reformer unit configured to be disposed at an upper portion in a casing; a heat exchanger unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the steam reformer unit; a high temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the heat exchanger unit; a low temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed while enclosing an outer portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit; and a heat exchange chamber configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit and exchange heat between reformed gas and a heat exchange fluid supplied through a channel part formed to drain the reformed gas and combustion gas and supply the heat exchange fluid.

The invention provides a reactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); the reactor assembly (1) further comprises a reactor support element (40), wherein the reactor support element (40) comprises a track (42), wherein the track (42) partly encloses the tubular reactor (130), wherein the reactor support element (40) comprises a thermally conductive element (2), and wherein the tubular reactor (130) is configured in thermal contact with the thermally conductive element (2).