The invention provides a new apparatus (20) and method for producing entirely new types of nanoparticles exhibiting novel properties. The apparatus comprises a vacuum chamber (22) containing a gas and feed means (1) for feeding a liquid jet (26) into the chamber and through the gas. The invention extends to the new types of nanoparticles per se, and to uses of such nanoparticles in various biomedical applications, such as in therapy and diagnosis, as well as in opto-electronics.

A system and method for startup of a polyolefin reactor temperature control system having a first reactor temperature control path, a second reactor temperature control path, and a shared temperature control path. In some embodiments, during startup the second reactor temperature control path is configured to allow the temperature of a second reactor to rise due to the heat of the exothermic polymerization reaction occurring within reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature. In other embodiments, during startup a first reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a cooler, and a second reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a heater, to raise the temperature of the second reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature.

A system and method for startup of a polyolefin reactor temperature control system having a first reactor temperature control path, a second reactor temperature control path, and a shared temperature control path. In some embodiments, during startup the second reactor temperature control path is configured to allow the temperature of a second reactor to rise due to the heat of the exothermic polymerization reaction occurring within reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature. In other embodiments, during startup a first reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a cooler, and a second reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a heater, to raise the temperature of the second reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature.

Methods for generating a purified catalyst are provided. The method includes performing a reaction in a reaction vessel to generate a liquid catalyst and reaction products, purging the reaction products using an inert gas to form a purged catalyst, freezing the purged catalyst in the reaction vessel, and applying a vacuum to the reaction vessel while the purged catalyst thaws, wherein the vacuum removes residual reaction products to form a purified catalyst. Systems for generating a purified catalyst and a purified catalyst are also provided.

To provide a solution conveying and cooling apparatus that enables removal of a deposit of solid material, or a fouling deposit, inside the apparatus with extremely simple work equipment by fewer on-site workers in a short tune without any dangerous work such as hydroblasting. The solution conveying and cooling apparatus has a rigid outer tube for a cooling medium and a plurality of rigid outer tubes for solution arranged parallel to each other inside the rigid outer tube for a cooling medium. A thin inner tube is disposed inside each of the rigid outer tubes for solution, this thin inner tube having an outer diameter smaller than an inner diameter of the rigid outer tube for solution at normal temperature and pressure, and expanding by an increase in at least one of temperature and pressure of a solution conveyed and as a result contacting with an inner surface of the rigid outer tube for solution that is cooled by the cooling medium.

A reactor device (100) for reaction fluid comprising a reaction vessel (102) comprising: an end cap (104) comprising at least one passage (112) for the reaction fluid; and at least one tube (116) which extends through the reaction vessel (102). The reaction vessel is operable to receive a control fluid outside the at least one tube (116) for controlling the temperature inside the at least one tube (116). A manifold (200) is connectable to the end cap (104) and comprises at least one channel (206) for reaction fluid. An outlet (208) from the manifold (200) is in fluid communication with the tube (116). The end cap (104) has a thermal conductivity of greater than 1 watt per square meter kelvin to provide a thermal coupling between the control fluid and the manifold (200).

An ionic liquid reactor unit and a process for controlling heat generation from an ionic liquid reactor unit. The ionic liquid reactor unit may include an external heat exchanger. The effluent from the reactor is separated in a separation zone allowing the hydrocarbon phase to transfer heat to a cooling fluid. The heat exchanger may be a tube-in-shell, a spiral plate heat exchanger, a hair pin heat exchanger. The heat exchanger accommodates the separation of the ionic liquid from the hydrocarbon phase, and may allow for the ion liquid to be drained.

A system and method for startup of a polyolefin reactor temperature control system having a first reactor temperature control path, a second reactor temperature control path, and a shared temperature control path. In some embodiments, during startup the second reactor temperature control path is configured to allow the temperature of a second reactor to rise due to the heat of the exothermic polymerization reaction occurring within reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature. In other embodiments, during startup a first reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a cooler, and a second reactor temperature control path is configured to include a heat exchanger used as a heater, to raise the temperature of the second reactor until reaching a predetermined setpoint temperature.

This disclosure describes an improved heat transfer system for use in reaction vessels used in chemical and biological processes. In one embodiment, a heat transfer baffle comprising two sub-assemblies adjoined to one another is provided.

A reactor and its internals used for the thermal processing of a liquid mixture. The reactor comprises plates and at least part of the surface of said plates is used to perform the thermal processing. The reactor and its internals are used for the thermal processing of various liquid mixtures containing organic compounds. The processes, for thermal processing the mixture comprising organic compounds, comprising the steps of feeding the reactor and its internals and being useful for treating wastes oils and/or for destroying hazardous and/or toxic products; and/or for reusing waste products in an environmentally acceptable form and/or way, and/or for cleaning contaminated soils or beaches, and/or cleaning tar pits, and/or use in coal-oil co-processing, and/or recovering oil from oil spills, and/or PCB free transformed oils. A process for fabricating the reactor and its internals is also proposed.