A method and apparatus for making carbon black. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region containing at least one, magnetically isolated, plasma torch containing at least one electrode, and forming a plasma. Collecting the plasma formed in a cooled header and flowing the plasma through at least one reaction region to heat the reaction region, and injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the reaction region, resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black. An apparatus for making carbon black is also described including a plasma forming section containing at least one, magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode, in fluid flow communication with at least one carbon black forming reactor section, the plasma section and reactor section separated by a plasma formed collection header.

Some variations provide an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atom source (e.g., vapor cell) with a solid ionic conductor and a mixed ion-electron conductor electrode. Mixed ion-electron conductor electrodes are used as efficient sources and/or as sinks for alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atoms, thus enabling electrical control over metal atom content in the vapor cell. Some variations provide a vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured to allow a vapor-cell optical path into a vapor-cell vapor phase; a first electrode containing an mixed ion-electron conductor that is conductive for an ion of at least one element selected from Rb, Cs, Na, K, or Sr; a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode; and an ion-conducting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The ion-conducting layer is ionically conductive for at least one ionic species selected from Rb.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, or Sr.sup.2+.

This invention relates to a method of increasing the size of particulates in a gas comprising particulates, e.g. a gas that is formed from the combustion of fuels. The method comprises mixing an ionised gas stream with the gas comprising particulates.

The present invention has features (1) to (3). The feature (1) is that an active gas generation electrode group is formed in such a manner that a ground side electrode component supports a high-voltage side electrode component. The feature (2) is that stepped parts are provided in a discharge space outside region of a dielectric electrode in the high-voltage side electrode component, and project downward, and by a formation height of these stepped parts, the gap length of a discharge space is defined. The feature (3) is that the high-voltage side electrode component and the ground side electrode component are formed to have the thickness of a discharge space formation region relatively thin and the thickness of a discharge space outside region relatively thick.

Embodiments of the subject invention relate to a small modular self-contained surface plasma device for decontamination of air and surfaces within enclosed volumes. Embodiments of the subject invention relate to a method and apparatus using the technical process of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) surface plasma generation from ambient atmosphere for decontamination of air and surfaces within enclosed volumes. The primary application mode is for preservation of perishable commodities within industrial shipping containers through reduction of surface spoilage organisms and destruction of evolved gaseous ethylene that causes premature ripening. Additional implementations include deployment for oxidation of surfaces and/or container atmospheres in applications to diminish or eradicate pesticides, toxins, chemical residues, and other natural or introduced contaminants. Other embodiments envisioned include incorporation of device capabilities and or ancillary modules for feedback input (e.g. ozone sensor(s) to maintain steady state levels, self-tuning circuitry to adjust operating frequency), communication (e.g. among modules, RFID data loggers, Wi-Fi output), and programing (e.g. user input of container volume, transit time, ozone level, etc.).

A graphene nano-steam generator and a beauty instrument are provided. The graphene nano-steam generator includes a coarse steam channel, a nano-steam channel and a high-voltage power supply device. The coarse steam channel is connected to a coarse steam manufacturing device and the nano-steam channel. The coarse steam channel is provided with a steam sieving device, and an end of the coarse steam channel is provided with a first electrode and a second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device is coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device supplies high-voltage electricity to the first electrode and the second electrode, and forms a high-voltage arc discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode, thus the coarse steam molecular group flowing through is ionized by the high-voltage arc to generate a large amount of active nano-scale steam to be flowed out from the nano-steam channel.

The present invention addresses to a plasma reactor for the thermal and/or plasmatic decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules aiming at the production of carbon nanotubes on a large scale, as well as amorphous carbon of superior quality in terms of purity. Because it is operated at pressures close to the atmospheric pressure and can operate in a continuous flow regime, said reactor has a superior capacity for the production of carbon nanotubes. The hydrocarbon pyrolysis by means of thermal plasma or the heat derived therefrom produces carbonaceous material that presents a higher purity content than those obtained by the methods most used in the production of solid carbon, which are based, generally, on the burning of part of the load hydrocarbon.

An ozone generation apparatus includes a cylindrical shaped first electrode, a cylindrical shaped second electrode disposed coaxially with the first electrode and disposed in the first electrode, a dielectric disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. Dry air is supplied between the first electrode and the second electrode as raw material gas. A discharge gap length d formed by the first electrode, the second electrode, and the dielectric is set to be in a range of 0.3 to 0.5 mm. A pd product, which is a product of the discharge gap length d and a gas pressure p of the raw material gas, is in a range of 6 to 16 kPa.Math.cm. And the discharge gap length d and the gas pressure p of the raw material gas are set to satisfy following expression.

A method of producing atomic or quantum fuel includes the steps of providing a plurality of spinning bodies having mass, angularly accelerating the spinning bodies so as to spin each spinning body at angular velocities approaching the speed of light to thereby store energy in the spinning bodies, and in one embodiment so as to cause time dilation, triggering a conversion of the stored energy from an angular momentum of at least parts of the spinning bodies so as to convert the stored energy to translational or radiation energy.

A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an electrostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.