A backup power supply system is configured to be connected between a power supply and a load. The backup power supply system includes a first port, a second port, a conductive path, a power storage unit, a charging circuit, a discharging circuit, a switch; and a control circuit. The first port is configured to be connected to the power supply. The second port is configured to be connected to the load. The conductive path connects the first port to the second port. The charging circuit is provided in a first path connecting the conductive path to the power storage unit. The discharging circuit is provided in a second path that connecting the conductive path to the power storage unit. The switch is provided in the conductive path between the first port and the charging circuit and between the first port and the discharging circuit, and is configured to make the conductive path electrically conductive or electrically non-conductive. The control circuit is configured to control the switch, the charging circuit, and the discharging circuit.

A battery characterisation system for determining one or more characteristics of a battery is provided. The system comprises a controllable load arranged to be connected to a battery and a voltage sensor arranged to measure a voltage output from said battery. The battery characterisation system is arranged to receive information identifying one or more nominal properties of said battery; to select a discharge profile based on said one or more nominal properties; to control the controllable load to discharge said battery according to said discharge profile; to record the voltage output measured by the voltage sensor and a current output from the battery as the battery is being discharged; and to determine one or more characteristics of the battery using said recorded voltage output and current output.

A system for controlling a plurality of batteries is introduced. The system may comprise a first battery controller circuit configured to obtain first state information of a first battery and control the first battery based on the first state information. A second battery controller circuit may be configured to obtain second state information of a second battery and control the second battery based on the second state information, wherein the second battery is coupled in parallel to the first battery. A battery integrated controller circuit may be configured to control the first battery controller circuit and the second battery controller circuit based on aggregated state information of the first state information and the second state information.

Example methods to manage a plurality of battery packs of an electric vehicle include initiating a charging process for a primary battery pack and an auxiliary battery pack, determining that an Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of the primary battery pack matches an OCV of the auxiliary battery pack, and based on determining that the OCV of the primary battery pack matches the OCV of the auxiliary battery, connecting the primary and auxiliary battery packs in parallel and initiating parallel charging of the primary battery pack and the auxiliary battery pack.

An energy storage system (EMS) for mobile and stationary applications includes multiple battery circuits connected in parallel via bidirectional DC-DC converters and managed by centralized or distributed control. Each circuit comprises one or more electrochemical storage elements, and the EMS regulates current flow based on system data indicative of state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), temperature, and chemistry. The EMS performs active balancing by adjusting current commands to equalize SOC across circuits and isolates faulty or degraded modules when necessary. In vehicle applications, the EMS manages power flow between traction batteries, electric drive units, and low-voltage systems, supporting propulsion, regenerative braking, and accessory loads. In stationary systems, the EMS integrates with generators, renewable sources, or grid-tied inverters to coordinate energy delivery, provide backup power, and optimize battery usage. The architecture supports heterogeneous battery types, modular scalability, and fault-tolerant operation, enabling safe and efficient control of energy storage resources in a range of electrified transport and stationary power environments.

A self-locking power supply circuit includes the battery, a grounding end, an outputting end, a mode switching end, a P-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor, an N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor and a first resistor. The P-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor includes a first source electrode electrically connected to the outputting end, a first drain electrode electrically connected to the battery, and a first gate electrode. The N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor includes a second source electrode electrically connected to the grounding end, a second drain electrode electrically connected to the first gate electrode, and a second gate electrode electrically connected to the mode switching end. One end of the first resistor is connected between the battery and the first drain electrode, and the other end of the first resistor is connected between the first gate electrode and the second drain electrode.

A power supply control device controls power supply from a DC power source to a load, by turning on or off a MOSFET. A current regulation circuit regulates a current flowing through a device resistor to a current proportional to a voltage between the drain and the source of the MOSFET. A drive circuit turns off the MOSFET when a voltage across a resistor circuit exceeds a predetermined voltage. The on-resistance of the MOSFET varies according to an ambient temperature of the MOSFET. The resistance of the resistor circuit varies in a direction different from a direction in which the on-resistance of the MOSFET varies, according to the ambient temperature of the MOSFET.

A charging system for an aerosol-generating device includes a processor and a memory in communication with the processor and configured to store instructions is provided. The instructions define at least one of a disable mode, an intra-session mode, or an inter-session mode. The processor is configured to execute the instructions to cause the charging system to detect when the device is connected to a charging device; activate a power source charger in response to the connection to the charging device; identify a selected mode; enable or disable a heater of the capsule dependent upon the selected mode; if the heater is enabled, display a first display indicating the connection of the charging device; if the heater is enabled, detect if a session of the aerosol-generating device is ongoing; and if the session is ongoing, enable or suspend charging in response to the identification of the selected mode.

According to at least one aspect of the disclosure, a uninterruptible power supply includes a first input configured to be coupled to, and receive main power from, a main power source, a second input configured to be coupled to, and receive backup power from, a backup power source, an output configured to be coupled to at least one load, at least one current sensor, a four-quadrant inverter coupled to the first input, the second input, and the output, and at least one controller configured to control the four-quadrant inverter to provide power derived from the first input to the second input to charge the backup power source, and provide power derived from the second input to the output to supplement the main power.

A device includes an AC impedance circuit to apply an AC excitation signal to a set of battery cells of a battery pack. The device includes a controller to determine a battery pack identification (ID) value from a battery pack identification (ID) circuit of the battery pack, calculate an impedance value of the battery pack based on the AC excitation signal, identify a maximum charging rate to charge the battery pack using the battery pack ID value of the battery pack and the impedance value of the battery pack, where the battery pack is one of at least two battery packs having a same battery pack ID value with different maximum charging rates, and set a charging rate to charge the battery pack using the maximum charging rate.