A charging circuit, charging method, and system for an energy storage capacitor are disclosed. The charging circuit includes a current regulation module and a feedback control module. The feedback control module is configured to (i) determine a current measurement result, wherein the current measurement result is used to indicate the magnitude of the present charging current output by the current regulation module to the energy storage capacitor, and (ii) output a control signal to the current regulation module based on the current measurement result, the present voltage of the energy storage capacitor, and the input voltage received by the current regulation module, wherein the control signal corresponds to a target charging current. The current regulation module is configured to output the target charging current based on the control signal and the input voltage.

Disclosed are a system and a method for controlling charging of a battery cell. The system for controlling charging of a battery cell includes a charging unit configured to generate a charging current by using external power and to transmit the charging current to the battery cell. A charging control unit is configured to control the charging unit to charge the battery cell by reducing the charging current when a voltage of the battery cell reaches a full charge voltage. The charging control unit is also configured to determine a current reduction rate based on a charging unit response time required for changing the charging current. The charging control unit is further configured to control the charging unit to charge the battery cell by reducing the charging current by the determined current reduction rate.

An energy storage system (EMS) for mobile and stationary applications includes multiple battery circuits connected in parallel via bidirectional DC-DC converters and managed by centralized or distributed control. Each circuit comprises one or more electrochemical storage elements, and the EMS regulates current flow based on system data indicative of state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), temperature, and chemistry. The EMS performs active balancing by adjusting current commands to equalize SOC across circuits and isolates faulty or degraded modules when necessary. In vehicle applications, the EMS manages power flow between traction batteries, electric drive units, and low-voltage systems, supporting propulsion, regenerative braking, and accessory loads. In stationary systems, the EMS integrates with generators, renewable sources, or grid-tied inverters to coordinate energy delivery, provide backup power, and optimize battery usage. The architecture supports heterogeneous battery types, modular scalability, and fault-tolerant operation, enabling safe and efficient control of energy storage resources in a range of electrified transport and stationary power environments.

A method and system provide a plurality of power cell modules. The power cell modules can be stacked together such that they are electrically connected and share a collective multi-voltage bus. Electronic appliances can be connected to one of the power cell modules to be powered by all of the connected power cell modules. Power cell modules can be easily added or removed from the bank without interrupting the supply of power to the electronic appliance.

A battery management apparatus includes a measuring unit configured to measure a charge voltage, a charge current, a discharge voltage and a discharge current in the process of charging and discharging a battery according to a preset charge C-rate and a preset discharge C-rate, and a control unit configured to receive information about the voltage and current of the battery from the measuring unit, calculate a charge resistance for each voltage of the battery based on the charge voltage and the charge current, calculate a discharge resistance for each voltage of the battery based on the discharge voltage and the discharge current, calculate a resistance ratio between the charge resistance and the discharge resistance for each voltage of the battery, and set a discharge C-rate for the battery based on the resistance ratio calculated for each voltage of the battery.

A battery voltage equalization device for an automotive battery formed from a plurality of batteries connected in series includes: a voltage measurement unit that measures respective battery voltages of the batteries; a current measurement unit that measures a charge-discharge current of the automotive battery; a cell balancing unit that equalizes the respective battery voltages of the batteries; and a control unit that performs a voltage equalization control through the cell balancing unit on the basis of the battery voltages measured by the voltage measurement unit. The control unit starts the voltage equalization control on the condition that the voltage equalization control is determined to be necessary on the basis of the respective battery voltages and that a discharge current of the automotive battery measured by the current measurement unit is determined to be stable.

A method for detecting whether a battery is disconnected, an online UPS and an offline UPS using the method. The method comprises the following steps: determining whether a charging circuit charging a battery is in a constant voltage charging mode; and when the determination result is yes, executing a battery disconnection detection, which comprising the following steps: alternately performing a first operation and a second operation on a PWM signal, wherein the duty cycle of the PWM signal is used to control the output voltage of the charging circuit, the first operation is increasing the duty cycle of the PWM signal by a first preset value for a first preset time, and the second operation is reverting the PWM signal to the original duty cycle for a second preset time; and determining whether the voltage at the output terminal of the charging circuit rises and reaches a second preset value.

Power distribution systems, battery packs, and batteries employ battery modules that are connected in series to generate a high-voltage output and in parallel to generate a low-voltage output. A battery includes battery modules and a direct current to direct current converter. The battery modules are electrically connected in series to generate a first battery high-voltage output. The battery modules are electrically connected in parallel to generate a battery modules low-voltage output. The direct current to direct current converter generates a battery low-voltage output from the battery modules low-voltage output.

An external battery, includes a battery cell, a charging unit configured to generate a charging current with an external power supplied from a charger to an input terminal thereof and to transfer the charging current to the battery, a detector configured to sense a voltage state of the input terminal and determine a current value of the charging current supplied to the battery cell, based on the voltage state, and a main controller unit (MCU) configured to control charging of the battery cell by the charging current, calculate an estimated full charging time for fully charging the battery cell, based on a current value of the charging current, and calculate a charging time while the charging current is flowing.

A shopping cart system includes a shopping cart that includes an input connector that receives, from the power supply device or a previous stage cart, a charging current and a DC voltage of a DC power supply different from a supply power supply of the charging current, a first resistor connected in series to an input line of the DC voltage, and a first output connector that outputs the DC voltage via the first resistor and a part of the charging current received by the input connector. The power supply device includes a second output connector that outputs a charging current and a DC voltage via a second resistor connected in series to an output line of the DC power supply, and an energization control unit that stops the charging current when a current flowing through the second resistor falls below a predetermined value.