Systems, methods, and computer program products are provided for monitoring and passive balancing in battery pack charging. An example system includes a plurality of voltage detectors, a plurality of passive balancing circuits, a charging current detector, and a control circuit. The control circuit may be configured to receive a plurality of voltage measurements and a charging current measurement; determine based on a voltage measurement of the plurality of voltage measurements and/or the charging current measurement, whether to activate a passive balancing circuit of the plurality of passive balancing circuits to adjust the adjustable resistance of the passive balancing circuit; and adjust, based on a passive balance current measurement through the passive balancing circuit and the voltage measurement, the adjustable resistance of the passive balancing circuit.

A modular battery system includes a battery bus, multiple battery packs connectable in parallel to the battery bus to provide a system current, and a battery system controller. A battery pack includes multiple battery cells and provides a battery pack current to the battery bus. The battery system controller is configured to determine whether individual battery packs are online or offline, receive individual battery pack current limits of online battery packs and set a system level current limit of the battery system, determine system current and individual battery pack currents, compare the individual battery pack currents to their respective individual battery pack level current limit, update the system current limit according to the comparing, and scale a current demand for the individual battery pack currents using proportions of the measured system current and the updated system current limit.

Provided in the present application are a modulation method and modulation apparatus for a cascaded energy storage system, and a storage medium. The cascaded energy storage system comprises N sub-modules connected in a cascade mode, where N2. The modulation method comprises: according to N carriers, modulating waveform signals that are output by N sub-modules, wherein the N carriers correspond to the N sub-modules on a one-to-one basis; and during modulation, performing at least one instance of synchronization delay on the N carriers, so as to synchronously change initial phase angles of the N carriers, wherein during the synchronization delay, the amplitudes of the carriers remain unchanged.

An electrical power distribution system supplies electrical power from a battery pack to a DC link. The battery pack includes a plurality of modules. The system includes a plurality of DC-DC converters. Outputs of the DC-DC converters are coupled in series between a first output node and a second output node of the system, such that an output voltage of the system is equal to a sum of output voltages of the DC-DC converters. In use, each of the DC-DC converters is coupled to one of the modules to receive a DC input voltage of a first magnitude from the respective module. Each of the DC-DC converters is operative to generate an output voltage of a second magnitude. The first output node is coupled to a first input terminal of the DC link and the second output node is coupled to a second input terminal of the DC link.

There are provided an electric vehicle and a control method thereof, the electric vehicle including: a motor configured to cause the electric vehicle to travel; a plurality of battery packs configured to supply electric power to the motor; an electric power path electrically connecting the motor and the plurality of battery packs; a switching element configured to electrically switch disconnection and connection of the electric power path; and a controller configured to control the switching element. The controller performs a pack balance control that causes, when at least one of predetermined control start conditions is satisfied, the switching element to repeatedly open and close to perform an intermittent charging and discharging operation between the plurality of battery packs, and reduces a potential difference between the plurality of battery packs.

The present disclosure relates to computer-implemented method of operating a battery for providing frequency response to a power grid, the battery comprising a plurality of containers each configured to store electrical energy, the method comprising, for a given container: determining a container target response by dividing a system target response by the plurality of containers; determining a container capacity by dividing a battery capacity by the plurality of containers; determining a state-of-charge offset between an average state of charge across the plurality of containers and a state of charge of the given container; determining a response adjustment by multiplying the container capacity by the state-of-charge offset; and determining a response for the given container by adjusting the container target response by the response adjustment.

A closed loop control system actively regulates the battery current paths of physically separated circuits so that the current is approximately the same for each of the circuits regardless of the various system loads. The closed loop control system modulates the current paths by either modulating a high side transistor used to independently limit each battery's current path or by modulating a DC/DC converter's output voltage to independently boost each battery's current path. The closed loop control system is also designed to handle undervoltage lockout (UVLO) situations when one of the batteries is nearing empty to tilt the power balance in the chance that there is an existing battery charge mismatch to support system load bursts and to turn off the circuit when the system current draw is exceptionally low. A tilting circuit also identifies and discharges the battery with the higher charge until the charge states are substantially equal.

A system for controlling a plurality of batteries is introduced. The system may comprise a first battery controller circuit configured to obtain first state information of a first battery and control the first battery based on the first state information. A second battery controller circuit may be configured to obtain second state information of a second battery and control the second battery based on the second state information, wherein the second battery is coupled in parallel to the first battery. A battery integrated controller circuit may be configured to control the first battery controller circuit and the second battery controller circuit based on aggregated state information of the first state information and the second state information.

Example methods to manage a plurality of battery packs of an electric vehicle include initiating a charging process for a primary battery pack and an auxiliary battery pack, determining that an Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of the primary battery pack matches an OCV of the auxiliary battery pack, and based on determining that the OCV of the primary battery pack matches the OCV of the auxiliary battery, connecting the primary and auxiliary battery packs in parallel and initiating parallel charging of the primary battery pack and the auxiliary battery pack.

An energy storage system (EMS) for mobile and stationary applications includes multiple battery circuits connected in parallel via bidirectional DC-DC converters and managed by centralized or distributed control. Each circuit comprises one or more electrochemical storage elements, and the EMS regulates current flow based on system data indicative of state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), temperature, and chemistry. The EMS performs active balancing by adjusting current commands to equalize SOC across circuits and isolates faulty or degraded modules when necessary. In vehicle applications, the EMS manages power flow between traction batteries, electric drive units, and low-voltage systems, supporting propulsion, regenerative braking, and accessory loads. In stationary systems, the EMS integrates with generators, renewable sources, or grid-tied inverters to coordinate energy delivery, provide backup power, and optimize battery usage. The architecture supports heterogeneous battery types, modular scalability, and fault-tolerant operation, enabling safe and efficient control of energy storage resources in a range of electrified transport and stationary power environments.