Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of silicon particles. The silicon particles have an average particle size between about 0.1 μm and about 30 μm and a surface including nanometer-sized features. The composite material also includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases. At least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

Films may be used as interleaves between hard and non-compressible surfaces such as surfaces of sheets or plates made of glass, metal, such as steel, polycarbonate, and/or poly(methyl methacrylate). The films may be embossed and/or may include a foamed core layer having a plurality of micro-voids. In particular, the films may include a polyolefin, a basis weight of between about 30 gsm and about 70 gsm, an embossed thickness of between about 150 microns and 800 microns, and a stiffness of between about 150 grams and about 750 grams according to the Circular Bend Stiffness Test.

A film for coating a metal sheet, the film satisfying that: a ratio (E.sub.MD/E.sub.TD) of a Young's modulus E.sub.MD in a lengthwise direction to a Young's modulus E.sub.TD in a width direction is 1.1 to 4.0; and a thermal shrinkage rate, measured by a thermo-mechanical analyzer, in both lengthwise and width directions at 200° C. is equal to or smaller than 20%.

The present disclosure is directed to a film formulation that resulted in a substantially non-migratory cold seal release film with improved blocking resistance. Specifically, the multilayered biaxially oriented polypropylene film can include a core layer of polypropylene homopolymer; a first outer layer on one side of the core layer that can be suitable for sealing, printing, or coating; and a second outer layer on the opposite side of the core layer that is a blocking resistant layer comprising thermoplastic polymers which reduce blocking tendency.

A biaxially oriented polyester film having the following physical property is provided: when cooled from the molten state at a cooling rate of 20° C/min, an observed recrystallization temperature is 175° C-200° C. The biaxially oriented polyester film is formed by a thick sheet before bidirectional stretching that is melted and extruded by an extruder and then cooled and formed on a casting roll. The thick sheet before stretching having the following physical property as analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry: a crystallization rate is less than 10%.

A hydroformed expanded spun bonded nonwoven has a first substantially planar surface on one side thereof and a second surface on an opposite side thereof. The second surface includes a plurality of protuberances in a pattern. The hydroformed expanded spun bonded nonwoven web has an average loft of at least about 1.3 times greater than an original average loft of an original unexpanded spun bonded nonwoven web from which the hydroformed expanded spun bonded nonwoven web was created and an air permeability of at least about 1.2 times greater than an original air permeability of the original unexpanded spun bonded nonwoven web. The hydroformed expanded spun bonded nonwoven web includes bicomponent fibers combining a polymer with PLA in a ratio of polymer/PLA within a range of about 20/80 to 80/20.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of silicon particles. The silicon particles have an average particle size between about 0.1 μm and about 30 μm and a surface including nanometer-sized features. The composite material also includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases. At least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

A film is manufactured from a semi-crystalline plastics material by a method with multiple steps. In step a, the film is shaped using a calender, in which a melt coming from a slotted nozzle is introduced into a nip between two cooling or calibrating rollers. The film is calendered between the two cooling or calibrating rollers. In step b, The film is cooled in a cooling section, which has roller pairs arranged one after the other. A film temperature is changed by changing a temperature of downstream rollers, thereby achieving a maximum number of crystallization nuclei. The film temperature is detected using sensors. In step c, the film is cooled down further to a film temperature that allows the film to be spooled. The temperature of the film is kept in a defined temperature range between 128° C. and 138° C. in step b), thereby preventing the automatic formation of further crystals.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a stretched polyamide film which is excellent in laminatability, lamination strength, mechanical properties and shock resistance property and which has effects to prevent goods being broken and protect a content from vibration and shock at the time of transportation when used a various packaging materials. The present invention relates to a stretched polyamide film, wherein a main constituent is nylon 6; at least one surface layer meets the following conditions (1) and (2); and the stretched polyamide film meets the following condition (3): (1) a relaxation degree of a surface layer orientation measured by IR spectroscopy is within a range of not less than 0.3 and not more than 0.5; (2) a crystallization degree of a surface layer measured by IR spectroscopy is within a range of not less than 1.0 and not more than 1.4; (3) a heat shrinkage rate (%) in TD direction at 160° C. for 10 minutes is within a range of not less than 0.6 and not more than 4.

An improved control apparatus for producing plastic films and an associated improved method are distinguished, inter alia, by the following features: —the control apparatus has two stages or at least two stages, —the control apparatus comprises, for this purpose, a sensor module and/or a sensor model and a process module and/or a process model, —the machine-dependent sensor module and/or sensor model and the production-dependent process module and/or process model are linked or can be linked to one another via production variables, —adjustable machine variables are connected or linked to plant production variables via the sensor module and/or the sensor model.