The reaction rate of hydrocarbon pyrolysis can be increased to produce solid carbon and hydrogen by the use of molten materials which have catalytic functionality to increase the rate of reaction and physical properties that facilitate the formation and contamination-free separation of the solid carbon. Processes, materials, reactor configurations, and conditions are disclosed whereby methane and other hydrocarbons can be decomposed at high reaction rates into hydrogen gas and carbon products without any carbon oxides in a single reaction step. The process also makes use of specific properties of selected materials with unique solubilities and/or wettability of products into (and/or by) the molten phase to facilitate generation of purified products and increased conversion in more general reactions.

A denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas is represented by the following chemical formula: Ba.sub.3Y.sub.(4-x)A.sub.xO.sub.9, wherein A is an element selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Ga, Mn, Ti, and Al; and X is 0.4 or more and 2 or less. A denitration device has the denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust gas generation source including a gas engine, a gas turbine, a melting furnace, or a boiler.

The present disclosure provides processes for the purification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The present disclosure further provides crystalline preparations of purified FDCA, as well as processes for making the same. In addition, the present disclosure provides mixtures used in processes for the purification of FDCA.

A method for preparing methyl methacrylate from methacrolein and methanol; said method comprising contacting in a reactor a mixture comprising methacrolein, methanol and oxygen with a catalyst bed of heterogeneous catalyst comprising a support and a noble metal, wherein mass transfer rate of oxygen in hour.sup.1 divided by space-time yield in moles methyl methacrylate/kg.Math.catalyst hour in the catalyst bed is at least 20.

Provide is a functional structural body that can suppress aggregation of metal oxide nanoparticles and prevent functional loss of metal oxide nanoparticles, and thus exhibit a stable function over a long period of time. A functional structural body (1) includes: a skeletal body (10) of a porous structure composed of a zeolite-type compound; and at least one type of metal oxide nanoparticles (20) containing a perovskite-type oxide present in the skeletal body (10), the skeletal body (10) having channels (11) that connect with each other, and the metal oxide nanoparticles (20) being present at least in the channels (11) of the skeletal body (10).

This invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, comprising palladium and optionally a promoter, supported on a substrate, having an uncoated BET surface area of 9 m.sup.2/g, the surface being coated with an ionic liquid. Also described are methods of making the catalysts and methods of selective hydrogenation of acetylene and/or dienes in front-end mixed olefin feed streams.

This invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, comprising palladium and optionally a promoter, supported on a substrate, having an uncoated BET surface area of 9 m.sup.2/g, the surface being coated with an ionic liquid. Also described are methods of making the catalysts and methods of selective hydrogenation of acetylene and/or dienes in front-end mixed olefin feed streams.

Milling methods that use grinding media particles formed of a ceramic material having an interlamellar spacing of less than 1250 nm.

Disclosed in the present disclosure are a method and system for producing hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene. It includes: under the action of a catalyst, chlorotrifluoroethylene reacting with hydrogen gas in a first reactor to obtain a mixture, the mixture entering a rectification apparatus, trifluoroethylene obtained by rectification entering a second reactor and reacting with bromine under light to obtain 1,2-dibromo-trifluoroethane; in a third reactor pre-loaded with the 1,2-dibromo-trifluoroethane, adding the 1,2-dibromo-trifluoroethane and solid alkali, and performing reaction to obtain bromotrifluoroethylene; and adding the bromotrifluoroethylene to a fourth reactor holding with zinc powder, an initiator and an organic solvent for reaction, so as to obtain a trifluoroethenyl zinc bromide solution, performing filtration, and then adding a coupling agent for a coupling reaction, so as to obtain hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene. The present disclosure has the advantages of high safety, good in catalytic stability and high in process selectivity, and can achieve continuous production.

An oxidation catalyst is described for treating an exhaust gas produced by a diesel engine comprising a catalytic region and a substrate, wherein the catalytic region comprises a catalytic material comprising: bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) or an oxide thereof; a platinum group metal (PGM) selected from the group consisting of (i) platinum (Pt), (ii) palladium (Pd) and (iii) platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd); and a support material, which is a refractory oxide; wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) is supported on the support material; and wherein the bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) or an oxide thereof is supported on the support material and/or the refractory oxide comprises the bismuth, antimony or an oxide thereof.