A CO shift catalyst according to the present invention reforms carbon monoxide (CO) in gas. The CO shift catalyst has one of molybdenum (Mo) or iron (Fe) as a main component and has an active ingredient having one of nickel (Ni) or ruthenium (Ru) as an accessory component and one or two or more kinds of oxides from among titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), and cerium (Ce) for supporting the active ingredient as a support. The temperature at the time of manufacturing and firing the catalyst is equal to or higher than 550° C.

The present invention provides a method for producing a compound represented by formula (2), comprising at least a step of preparing a compound represented by formula (1) and a step of reacting the compound represented by formula (1) with a hydrogen source using a catalyst,

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wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently an alkyl group.

A catalyst composition comprises an acrolein-oxidizing catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide catalyst of general formula (1):

MoV.sub.aA.sup.1.sub.bA.sup.2.sub.cA.sup.3.sub.dO.sub.m  (I)

in which A.sup.1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of W and Cu; A.sup.2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sb, Fe, and Nb; A.sup.3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Cr, Mn, Re, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Si, Te, Pb, P, As, Bi, Se, rare earth elements, alkaline elements, and alkaline earth elements; a ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; b ranges from 0.01 to 1.5; c ranges from 0 to 1.5; d ranges from 0 to 1.0; and m is dependent on the oxidation state of the other elements. The catalyst composition further comprises a finishing catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide catalyst of general formula (II):

MoV.sub.wNb.sub.xX.sup.1.sub.yX.sup.2.sub.zO.sub.n  (II)

in which X.sup.1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te and Sb; X.sup.2 comprises at least one an element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, As, Bi, Se, rare earth elements and alkaline earth elements; w ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; x ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; y ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; z ranges from 0 to 1.0; and n is depended on the oxidation state of the other elements. The finishing catalyst does not contain W or Cu, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern showing an orthorhombic phase as the major crystal phase with main peaks with 2θ at 6.7°, 7.8°, 22.1°, and 27.2°. The acrolein-oxidizing catalyst has a different chemical composition than the finishing catalyst. A process for producing acrylic acid is also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a process for producing alcohols by hydrogenation of C13 aldehydes. The process according to the invention is performed in two consecutive hydrogenation stages, wherein the first hydrogenation stage employs an activated metal catalyst based on a nickel metal foam and the second stage employs a supported catalyst containing a catalytically active component from the group consisting of nickel, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof.

Systems and methods for using and regenerating a catalyst for producing acetic acid from ethane are disclosed. Feed stream comprising ethane and an oxidant including oxygen is flowed to a reactor, in which a catalyst comprising MoVNbPd oxide is disposed. The ethane and the oxidant are reacted in presence of the catalyst under reaction conditions sufficient to produce acetic acid. When the catalyst's ability to catalyze the reaction between the ethane and the oxidant is reduced by a predetermined percentage, the flow of the feed stream to the reactor is ceased. A regenerating gas stream is flowed through the reactor to contact the regenerating gas stream with the catalyst under operating conditions to increase the catalyst's ability to catalyze the reaction between the ethane and the oxidant.

Provided is a catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation characterized in that rhodium and molybdenum are supported on hydroxyapatite, the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation providing a catalyst that can promote a reduction reaction that converts an amide compound into an amine compound, can be used under moderate conditions, and has durability that allows repeated use thereof while retaining high activity. Also provided is a method for producing an amine compound, the method being characterized by including bringing an amide compound into contact with the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation to cause hydrogenation, thereby producing an amine compound.

A catalyst comprising a carrier and a metals component impregnated in the carrier, the carrier comprising alumina; and the metals component comprising a first metals fraction and a second metals fraction, the first metals fraction comprising at least one metal selected from chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten, and the second metals fraction comprising at least two metals selected from cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, or platinum, wherein the catalyst has a first pore volume of 0.28 to 0.45 mL/g for pores having a pore diameter of 12 nm to less than 16 nm, and a second pore volume of 0.15 to 0.28 mL/g for pores of 2.0 nm to less than 12.0 nm.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for selectively producing a hydroxycarboxylic acid ester, the method including reducing a dicarboxylic acid monoester by means of a heterogeneous reaction. According to a method for producing a hydroxycarboxylic acid ester in an embodiment of the present invention, a hydroxycarboxylic acid ester represented by Formula (2) is produced by reducing a substrate dicarboxylic acid monoester represented by Formula (1) in the presence of a catalyst.

The catalyst comprises: metal species including M.sub.1 and M.sub.2; and a support supporting the metal species, and wherein M.sub.1 is rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, iridium or palladium; M.sub.2 is tin, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten or rhenium; and the support is hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, or hydrotalcite.

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The present invention provides a method for selectively producing an alcohol by efficiently hydrogenating a lactone. The present invention is a method for producing an alcohol, the method including hydrogenating a substrate lactone represented by Formula (1), in the presence of a catalyst described below, to produce an alcohol that is represented by Formula (2).

In the formulae, R represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a hydroxyl group.

The catalyst comprises: metal species including M.sub.1 and M.sub.2; and a support supporting the metal species, and wherein M.sub.1 is rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, iridium, or palladium; M.sub.2 is tin, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, or rhenium; and the support is hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydrotalcite, or ZrO.sub.2.

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Provided are titanium oxide particles having a higher photocatalytic activity, particularly a higher visible light activity as compared to the conventional ones; a dispersion liquid thereof; a photocatalyst thin film formed using such dispersion liquid; a member having such photocatalyst thin film on its surface; and a method for producing the titanium oxide particle dispersion liquid. The titanium oxide particles are those with (1) a tin component and a visible light activity-enhancing transition metal component being solid-dissolved in the particles; and with (2) an iron component, a titanium component and a silicon component being adhered to the surfaces of the particles. The titanium oxide particle dispersion liquid is one with the titanium oxide particles being dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium.