High surface area coatings are applied to solid substrates to increase the surface area available for solid-phase synthesis of polymers. The high surface area coatings use three-dimensional space to provide more area for functional groups to bind polymers than an untreated solid substrate. The polymers may be oligonucleotides, polypeptides, or another type of polymer. The solid substrate is a rigid supportive layer made from a material such as glass, a silicon material, a metal material, and plastic. The coating may be thin films, hydrogels, microparticles. The coating may be made from a metal oxide, a high- dielectric, a low- dielectric, an etched metal, a carbon material, or an organic polymer. The functional groups may be hydroxyl groups, amine groups, thiolate groups, alkenes, n-alkenes, alkalines, N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-activated esters, polyaniline, aminosilane groups, silanized oxides, oligothiophenes, and diazonium compounds. Techniques for applying coatings to solid substrates and attaching functional groups are also disclosed.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

Disclosed herein is a substrate which includes a functional group protected with a photolabile group covalently attached to the substrate and a film of solvent thereof covering the substrate, where the thickness of the film is less than about 100 m. Also disclosed herein are methods of preparing such substrates. Further disclosed are methods of synthesizing polymers, methods of synthesizing arrays of polymers and methods of removing photolabile protecting groups. These methods all employ covering the substrate with a thin film of solvent where the thickness of the film is less than 100 m.

Disclosed herein are formulations, substrates, and arrays. In certain embodiments, substrates and arrays comprise a porous layer for synthesis and attachment of polymers or biomolecules. Also disclosed herein are methods for manufacturing and using the formulations, substrates, and arrays, including porous arrays. Also disclosed herein are formulations and methods for one-step coupling, e.g., for synthesis of peptides in an N->C orientation. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are formulations and methods for high efficiency coupling of biomolecules to a substrate.

A process for the modification of a solid material, said process comprising contacting a surface of the solid material comprising nucleophilic groups with a hydrosilane in a first step to produce a hydrosilanized surface, and contacting said hydrosilanized surface with at least one alkene and/or alkyne under irradiation with visible and/or ultraviolet light in a second step.

The present disclosure provides flow cells and methods of fabricating flow cells. The method includes combining three portions: a first substrate, a second substrate, and microfluidic channels between the first substrate and the second substrate having walls of a photoresist dry film. Through-holes for inlet and outlet are formed in the first substrate or the second substrate. Patterned capture sites are stamped on the first substrate and the second substrate by a nanoimprint lithography process. In other embodiments, parts of the patterned capture sites are selectively attached to a surface chemistry pattern formed of silicon oxide islands each disposed on an outcrop of a soft bottom layer.

A substrate comprising a coating of a masking material, and a plurality of discrete reaction zones onto which one or more binding agents are intended to be attached, wherein said zones are uncoated areas on the substrate.

A method for producing a nucleic acid array which includes: a step of forming a resist film using a positive resist composition containing a photo acid generator for generating an acid as a result of being exposed to light on a solid phase which has a molecule immobilized thereon and having functional groups protected by an acid-decomposable protective group; a step of exposing a desired position of the resist film to light; a step of developing the resist film which has been subjected to development using a developing liquid; and a step of bringing the solid phase including the resist film which has been subjected to development into contact with a nucleotide derivative having an acid-decomposable protective group is provided.

An example of a flow cell includes a substrate and a reaction area defined in or over the substrate. The reaction area includes two angularly offset and non-perpendicular surfaces relative to a planar surface of the substrate, a polymeric hydrogel positioned over at least a portion of each of the two angularly offset and non-perpendicular surfaces; a first primer set attached to the polymeric hydrogel that is positioned over the portion of a first of the two angularly offset and non-perpendicular surfaces; and a second primer set attached to the polymeric hydrogel that is positioned over the portion of a second of the two angularly offset and non-perpendicular surfaces, wherein the first and second primer sets are orthogonal.