A continuous flow catalytic reactor, an assembling method therefor and an application thereof includes a reaction vessel, a filler packaged in the reaction vessel and a charged catalytic component; the charged catalytic component is fixed to the filler under an action of a direct-current electric field. The continuous flow catalytic reactor may be applied to continuous flow reactions such as a monosaccharide epimerization reaction. A monosaccharide epimerization reaction method includes: providing the continuous flow catalytic reactor; electrically connecting the continuous flow catalytic reactor with a direct-current power supply, thereby to forming the direct-current electric field by electrically connecting the continuous flow catalytic reactor with the direct-current power supply; and heating a reactor container to a target temperature, and inputting a monosaccharide solution from a liquid flow inlet of the reaction vessel and then collecting a solution containing a target product from a liquid flow outlet of the reaction vessel.

A method for making covetic metal-nanostructured carbon composites or compositions is described herein. This method is advantageous, in that it provides substantially oxygen-free covetic materials and allows precise control of the composition of the covetic material to be produced. The method comprises introducing carbon into a molten metal in a heated reactor under low oxygen partial pressure, while passing an electric current through the molten metal. The reactor is heated at a temperature sufficient to form a network of nanostructured carbon within a matrix of the metal. After heating the covetic material is recovered from the reactor.

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor (110) includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current.

A method and apparatus for making carbon black. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region containing at least one, magnetically isolated, plasma torch containing at least one electrode, and forming a plasma. Collecting the plasma formed in a cooled header and flowing the plasma through at least one reaction region to heat the reaction region, and injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the reaction region, resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black. An apparatus for making carbon black is also described including a plasma forming section containing at least one, magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode, in fluid flow communication with at least one carbon black forming reactor section, the plasma section and reactor section separated by a plasma formed collection header.

A graphene nano-steam generator and a beauty instrument are provided. The graphene nano-steam generator includes a coarse steam channel, a nano-steam channel and a high-voltage power supply device. The coarse steam channel is connected to a coarse steam manufacturing device and the nano-steam channel. The coarse steam channel is provided with a steam sieving device, and an end of the coarse steam channel is provided with a first electrode and a second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device is coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device supplies high-voltage electricity to the first electrode and the second electrode, and forms a high-voltage arc discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode, thus the coarse steam molecular group flowing through is ionized by the high-voltage arc to generate a large amount of active nano-scale steam to be flowed out from the nano-steam channel.

A method and apparatus for making carbon black. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region containing at least one, magnetically isolated, plasma torch containing at least one electrode, and forming a plasma. Collecting the plasma formed in a cooled header and flowing the plasma through at least one reaction region to heat the reaction region, and injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the reaction region, resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black. An apparatus for making carbon black is also described including a plasma forming section containing at least one, magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode, in fluid flow communication with at least one carbon black forming reactor section, the plasma section and reactor section separated by a plasma formed collection header.

Materials and methods for precious metal recovery are disclosed. Usable leaching solutions are preferably aqueous based and include appropriate materials in sufficient quantities to solubilize and stabilize precious metal. Such materials typically include oxidant material. Some or all of the oxidant material can be, in some instances, generated in-situ. The leaching solution is typically contacted with a substrate having a target precious metal, thereby solubilizing precious metal to form a stable, pregnant solution. The precious metal can then be recovered from the pregnant solution. In some instances, components of the leaching solution can be regenerated and reused in subsequent leaching.

The problem addressed by the invention is that of providing a plasma reactor for decomposition of hydrocarbons which allows stable operation over a prolonged time period. This problem is solved by a plasma reactor for decomposing a hydrocarbon fluid, which comprises a reactor chamber surrounded by a reactor wall and further comprises at least one hydrocarbon inlet and an outlet. A plasma torch having at least two electrodes, which comprise a base part at a first end, is fixed to the reactor wall. At a second end, the electrodes comprise a burner part which projects into the reactor chamber, and a plasma zone is defined between the burner parts of adjacent electrodes. In a region between the plasma zone and the outlet, the hydrocarbon inlet opens into the reactor chamber, and the hydrocarbon inlet is oriented toward the plasma zone such that hydrocarbon fluid flowing therefrom is directed towards the plasma zone. In the plasma reactor disclosed herein, primarily small C particles are formed which prevent fouling or overgrowing of the reactor chamber. Furthermore some large and heavy C particles, which may statistically be formed, penetrate the plasma cloud and can attach specifically to the electrodes.

A method for making covetic metal-nanostructured carbon composites or compositions is described herein. This method is advantageous, in that it provides substantially oxygen-free covetic materials and allows precise control of the composition of the covetic material to be produced. The method comprises introducing carbon into a molten metal in a heated reactor under low oxygen partial pressure, while passing an electric current through the molten metal. The reactor is heated at a temperature sufficient to form a network of nanostructured carbon within a matrix of the metal. After heating the covetic material is recovered from the reactor.

A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.