Phosphorus pentoxide production with fluorine management includes collecting phosphorus from kiln off gas as phosphoric acid containing fluorine and reacting the fluorine in the phosphoric acid with reactive silica to yield fluorosilicic acid. The fluorosilicic acid is removed from the collected phosphoric acid. Fluorine management includes discharging from the kiln a residue containing processed agglomerates and heating the discharged, processed agglomerates and releasing fluorine therefrom. The released fluorine is reacted with reactive silica to yield fluorosilicic acid and the fluorosilicic acid is collected. Fluorine management includes forming a reducing kiln bed with feed agglomerates below a reducing freeboard. Kiln off gas is generated containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus a) oxidized outside of the kiln to phosphorus pentoxide and collected as phosphoric acid, b) collected as elemental phosphorus, or c) both.

A collector composition comprising (a) refined tall oil wherein the refined tall oil is any tall oil that has been subjected to one or more refining or processing steps that results in an increase in acid value; and (b) a fatty acid wherein the refined tall oil has an acid value of at least 90 mg KOH/g and a weight average molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol. A mineral slurry comprising (a) an ore comprising a mineral of interest; (b) a collector composition comprising (i) a refined tall oil; and (ii) a fatty acid; and (c) a liquid. A method for the beneficiation of an ore, the method comprising (a) preparing a slurry comprising the ore dispersed in a liquid; (b) contacting the slurry with a collector composition comprising a refined tall oil; and (c) recovering a beneficiated ore.

A collector composition comprising (a) refined tall oil wherein the refined tall oil is any tall oil that has been subjected to one or more refining or processing steps that results in an increase in acid value; and (b) a fatty acid wherein the refined tall oil has an acid value of at least 90 mg KOH/g and a weight average molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol. A mineral slurry comprising (a) an ore comprising a mineral of interest; (b) a collector composition comprising (i) a refined tall oil; and (ii) a fatty acid; and (c) a liquid. A method for the beneficiation of an ore, the method comprising (a) preparing a slurry comprising the ore dispersed in a liquid; (b) contacting the slurry with a collector composition comprising a refined tall oil; and (c) recovering a beneficiated ore.

Processes and systems for carbon ion implantation include utilizing phosphorous trifluoride (PF.sub.3) as a co-gas with carbon oxide gas, and in some embodiments, in combination with the lanthanated tungsten alloy ion source components advantageously results in minimal oxidation of the cathode and cathode shield. Moreover, acceptable levels of carbon deposits on the arc chamber internal components have been observed as well as marked reductions in the halogen cycle, i.e., WF.sub.x formation.

Processes and systems for carbon ion implantation include utilizing phosphorous trifluoride (PF.sub.3) as a co-gas with carbon oxide gas, and in some embodiments, in combination with the lanthanated tungsten alloy ion source components advantageously results in minimal oxidation of the cathode and cathode shield. Moreover, acceptable levels of carbon deposits on the arc chamber internal components have been observed as well as marked reductions in the halogen cycle, i.e., WF.sub.x formation.

A method of reducing the amount propylene chlorohydrin produced in a reaction to make a hydroxypropylated/crosslinked starch comprising removing residual propylene oxide from alkaline slurry. The residual propylene oxide is removed by the dewatering the alkaline slurry or by washing the starch in slurry at a pH of around 10. The starch is then neutralized in an acid solution and recovered from the second slurry and may or may not be washed, depending on whether the slurry while at pH around 10 to make a hydroxypropylated/crosslinked starch having less than 1 ppm propylene chlorohydrin.

A method for mass production of phosphoric acid with a rotary kiln, comprising the following steps: pretreating raw materials a carbonaceous reductant; preparing the pre-treated carbonaceous reductant powder; then evenly mixing the carbonaceous reductant powder and the silica powder to obtain a cladding material; mixing the cores and the cladding material for cladding treatment, drying and solidifying same to obtain composite pellets; sending the composite pellets into a rotary kiln for a reduction reaction; sending the high-temperature slag balls exiting the rotary kiln to a cooling device for comprehensive utilization; introducing the fume containing P.sub.2O.sub.5 and fluorine exiting the kiln into a hydration tower for absorbing phosphorus by hydration, then passing same through a phosphoric acid mist capturing tower and a mist removing and separating tower successively, and the fluorine-containing fume discharged from the mist removing and separating tower entering a subsequent fluorine recovery procedure.

A method for mass production of phosphoric acid with a rotary kiln, comprising the following steps: pretreating raw materials a carbonaceous reductant; preparing the pre-treated carbonaceous reductant powder; then evenly mixing the carbonaceous reductant powder and the silica powder to obtain a cladding material; mixing the cores and the cladding material for cladding treatment, drying and solidifying same to obtain composite pellets; sending the composite pellets into a rotary kiln for a reduction reaction; sending the high-temperature slag balls exiting the rotary kiln to a cooling device for comprehensive utilization; introducing the fume containing P.sub.2O.sub.5 and fluorine exiting the kiln into a hydration tower for absorbing phosphorus by hydration, then passing same through a phosphoric acid mist capturing tower and a mist removing and separating tower successively, and the fluorine-containing fume discharged from the mist removing and separating tower entering a subsequent fluorine recovery procedure.

Processes and systems for carbon ion implantation include utilizing phosphorous trifluoride (PF.sub.3) as a co-gas with carbon oxide gas, and in some embodiments, in combination with the lanthanated tungsten alloy ion source components advantageously results in minimal oxidation of the cathode and cathode shield. Moreover, acceptable levels of carbon deposits on the arc chamber internal components have been observed as well as marked reductions in the halogen cycle, i.e., WF.sub.x formation.

Processes and systems for carbon ion implantation include utilizing phosphorous trifluoride (PF.sub.3) as a co-gas with carbon oxide gas, and in some embodiments, in combination with the lanthanated tungsten alloy ion source components advantageously results in minimal oxidation of the cathode and cathode shield. Moreover, acceptable levels of carbon deposits on the arc chamber internal components have been observed as well as marked reductions in the halogen cycle, i.e., WF.sub.x formation.