A positive electrode active material includes: a particle including a lithium composite oxide; a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide; and a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer. The lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same composition or almost the same composition, the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.

A positive electrode active material includes: a particle including a lithium composite oxide; a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide; and a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer. The lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same composition or almost the same composition, the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.

A collector composition comprising (a) refined tall oil wherein the refined tall oil is any tall oil that has been subjected to one or more refining or processing steps that results in an increase in acid value; and (b) a fatty acid wherein the refined tall oil has an acid value of at least 90 mg KOH/g and a weight average molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol. A mineral slurry comprising (a) an ore comprising a mineral of interest; (b) a collector composition comprising (i) a refined tall oil; and (ii) a fatty acid; and (c) a liquid. A method for the beneficiation of an ore, the method comprising (a) preparing a slurry comprising the ore dispersed in a liquid; (b) contacting the slurry with a collector composition comprising a refined tall oil; and (c) recovering a beneficiated ore.

A collector composition comprising (a) refined tall oil wherein the refined tall oil is any tall oil that has been subjected to one or more refining or processing steps that results in an increase in acid value; and (b) a fatty acid wherein the refined tall oil has an acid value of at least 90 mg KOH/g and a weight average molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol. A mineral slurry comprising (a) an ore comprising a mineral of interest; (b) a collector composition comprising (i) a refined tall oil; and (ii) a fatty acid; and (c) a liquid. A method for the beneficiation of an ore, the method comprising (a) preparing a slurry comprising the ore dispersed in a liquid; (b) contacting the slurry with a collector composition comprising a refined tall oil; and (c) recovering a beneficiated ore.

A total heat energy recovery system for furnace-process phosphoric acid is disclosed by the present disclosure. The system comprises a phosphorus burning tower, a hydration tower, an absorption tower, a Venturi tube, a demister, an induced draft fan, a deaerator, an economizer, a dilute acid circulating tank, a phosphoric acid pump, and a feedwater pump. In consideration of the whole process system, fresh soft water is deoxidized after being heated by an upper head of the phosphorus burning tower and a gas guide tube, and the deoxidized water is then pumped into the economizer by a high-pressure pump to recover the heat of the hydration tower and then enters a steam pocket of the phosphorus burning tower to generate medium-high pressure steam. Therefore, unified recovery of the heat of a furnace-process phosphoric acid device is achieved, the medium-high pressure steam is generated, the effective energy is improved.

A total heat energy recovery system for furnace-process phosphoric acid is disclosed by the present disclosure. The system comprises a phosphorus burning tower, a hydration tower, an absorption tower, a Venturi tube, a demister, an induced draft fan, a deaerator, an economizer, a dilute acid circulating tank, a phosphoric acid pump, and a feedwater pump. In consideration of the whole process system, fresh soft water is deoxidized after being heated by an upper head of the phosphorus burning tower and a gas guide tube, and the deoxidized water is then pumped into the economizer by a high-pressure pump to recover the heat of the hydration tower and then enters a steam pocket of the phosphorus burning tower to generate medium-high pressure steam. Therefore, unified recovery of the heat of a furnace-process phosphoric acid device is achieved, the medium-high pressure steam is generated, the effective energy is improved.

The present invention is generally directed to improved processes for the preparation of various phosphorus oxides and phosphoric acid. Phosphorus oxides prepared in accordance with the present invention include phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., tetraphosphorus hexaoxide (P.sub.4O.sub.6)). Phosphorus (III) oxides such as P.sub.4O.sub.6 are useful products and are also useful as precursors in preparation of other products, including phosphorous acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.3) and other phosphorus-containing chemicals. Certain aspects of this invention are also directed to using various byproducts formed during P.sub.4O.sub.6 production as precursors for the formation of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4) and P.sub.2O.sub.5. In particular, the present invention is directed to improved processes for the preparation of phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., P.sub.4O.sub.6) suitable for use in the preparation of phospho-herbicides such N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and precursors thereof (e.g., N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA)). The present invention is thus further directed to preparation of these compounds.

The present invention is generally directed to improved processes for the preparation of various phosphorus oxides and phosphoric acid. Phosphorus oxides prepared in accordance with the present invention include phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., tetraphosphorus hexaoxide (P.sub.4O.sub.6)). Phosphorus (III) oxides such as P.sub.4O.sub.6 are useful products and are also useful as precursors in preparation of other products, including phosphorous acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.3) and other phosphorus-containing chemicals. Certain aspects of this invention are also directed to using various byproducts formed during P.sub.4O.sub.6 production as precursors for the formation of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4) and P.sub.2O.sub.5. In particular, the present invention is directed to improved processes for the preparation of phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., P.sub.4O.sub.6) suitable for use in the preparation of phospho-herbicides such N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and precursors thereof (e.g., N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA)). The present invention is thus further directed to preparation of these compounds.

The present invention is generally directed to improved processes for the preparation of various phosphorus oxides and phosphoric acid. Phosphorus oxides prepared in accordance with the present invention include phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., tetraphosphorus hexaoxide (P.sub.4O.sub.6)). Phosphorus (III) oxides such as P.sub.4O.sub.6 are useful products and are also useful as precursors in preparation of other products, including phosphorous acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.3) and other phosphorus-containing chemicals. Certain aspects of this invention are also directed to using various byproducts formed during P.sub.4O.sub.6 production as precursors for the formation of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4) and P.sub.2O.sub.5. In particular, the present invention is directed to improved processes for the preparation of phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., P.sub.4O.sub.6) suitable for use in the preparation of phospho-herbicides such N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and precursors thereof (e.g., N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA)). The present invention is thus further directed to preparation of these compounds.

The present invention is generally directed to improved processes for the preparation of various phosphorus oxides and phosphoric acid. Phosphorus oxides prepared in accordance with the present invention include phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., tetraphosphorus hexaoxide (P.sub.4O.sub.6)). Phosphorus (III) oxides such as P.sub.4O.sub.6 are useful products and are also useful as precursors in preparation of other products, including phosphorous acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.3) and other phosphorus-containing chemicals. Certain aspects of this invention are also directed to using various byproducts formed during P.sub.4O.sub.6 production as precursors for the formation of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4) and P.sub.2O.sub.5. In particular, the present invention is directed to improved processes for the preparation of phosphorus (III) oxides (e.g., P.sub.4O.sub.6) suitable for use in the preparation of phospho-herbicides such N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and precursors thereof (e.g., N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA)). The present invention is thus further directed to preparation of these compounds.