A method of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from a carbonaceous material entails combusting a conditioned syngas in pulse combustion heat exchangers of a steam reformer to help convert carbonaceous material into first reactor product gas which includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. A portion of the first reactor product gas is transferred to a hydrogen reformer into which additional conditioned syngas is added and a reaction carried out to produce an improved syngas. The improved syngas is then subject to one or more gas clean-up steps to form a new conditioned syngas. A portion of the new conditioned syngas is recycled to be used as the conditioned syngas in the pulse combustion heat exchangers and in the hydrocarbon reformer. A system for carrying out the method include, a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, first and second gas-cleanup systems, a synthesis system and an upgrading system.

Green hydrogen and solid carbon can be produced by reacting captured methane with a catalyst in a reaction chamber. A liquid base fluid can form a continuous phase within the reaction chamber with a plurality of liquid metal carrier droplets dispersed in the base fluid. The catalyst can be nano-sized particles that can coat the surfaces of the carrier droplets. Agitation can be supplied to the reaction chamber to maintain dispersion of the liquid metal carrier droplets and increase contact of the methane and catalyst particles. The reaction temperature can be less than the temperature required for water electrolysis or steam methane reforming processes. The green hydrogen and solid carbon can be used as a power source for wellsite equipment in the form of fuel cells to generate electricity or power or used to charge batteries.

Provided is a process capable of converting the cokes on spent catalysts in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process into synthesis gas. The produced synthesis gas contains high concentrations of CO and H.sub.2 and may be utilized in many downstream applications such as syngas fermentation for alcohol production, hydrogen production and synthesis of chemical intermediates. A reducer/regenerator reactor for a fluid catalytic process comprising a chemical looping system to produce synthesis gas is also described.

A plant, such as a hydrocarbon plant, is provided, which has a syngas stage for syngas generation and a synthesis stage where the syngas is synthesized to produce syngas derived product, such as hydrocarbon product. The plant makes effective use of various streams; in particular CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2. The plant does not comprise an external feed of hydrocarbons. A method for producing a product stream, such as a hydrocarbon product stream is also provided.

The present invention relates to a hydrogen gas production method, which includes: a first step of concentrating an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal formate; a second step of protonating at least a part of the alkali metal formate by electrodialysis to produce a formic acid; and a third step of decomposing the formic acid to produce a hydrogen gas.

A method of maintaining a thermal balance in a solid oxide reversible fuel cell system comprising a solid oxide reversible fuel cell, an air intake for providing air to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell, and a steam reformer fluidly coupled to the solid oxide fuel cell for providing fuel to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell. The method comprising operating the solid oxide reversible fuel cell system in a forward mode in which the steam former receives natural gas and produces hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide to be provided to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell, and operating the solid oxide reversible fuel cell system in a reverse mode in which the steam reformer receives hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide from the solid oxide reversible fuel cell and produces natural gas and water.

A plant complex may include a unit that produces CO.sub.2-containing gases, a gas conducting system for CO.sub.2-containing gases, a gas/liquid separation system, a reformer that is connected to the gas conducting system and where the CO.sub.2-containing gas reacts with H.sub.2 and/or hydrocarbons to give a CO— and H.sub.2-containing synthesis gas mixture. The reformer is connected to a reactor for producing higher alcohols in which the synthesis gas mixture reacts with H.sub.2 to give a gas/liquid mixture containing higher alcohols. For separating off the alcohols of the gas/liquid mixture, the gas/liquid separation system is connected to the reactor for producing higher alcohols.

A method for producing a homogenous molten composition and a fluid product is disclosed. For example, the method includes producing a first molten metal composition in an enclosed volume, contacting a hydrocarbon reactant with the first molten metal composition, decomposing the hydrocarbon reactant into at least one fluid product and carbon, forming a metal alloy from a mixture of the carbon and the first molten metal composition, and separating a homogenous second molten composition from the metal alloy.

A system for producing an organic substance, including: a synthesis gas generation furnace for producing a synthesis gas by partially oxidizing a waste including a carbon source; a synthesis gas purification unit connected to the synthesis gas generation furnace and purifying the synthesis gas generated in the synthesis gas generation furnace to reduce an impurity concentration in the synthesis gas; and an organic substance synthesis unit which is connected to the synthesis gas purification unit and generates an organic substance from the synthesis gas purified in the synthesis gas purification unit, wherein the synthesis gas purification unit includes a detection unit for measuring an impurity concentration in the synthesis gas.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel-rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. In an embodiment, the system and method use air-breathing piston engines and turbine engines for the fuel-rich partial oxidation of the flare gas to form synthesis gas, and reactors to convert the synthesis gas into the end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.