Natural gas liquefaction process in combination with a synthesis gas production process, where the steam derived from the synthesis gas production process is used as a heating source for the implementation of the pre-treatment step for eliminating the impurities liable to freeze during the natural gas liquefaction process.

A method for producing hydrogen product having a low carbon intensity is provided. The method includes the steps of: (a) converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to a hydrogen product using a hydrocarbon reforming process; (b) providing at least some of the required energy for the hydrogen production process from a biomass power plant; and (c) processing one or more flue gas streams from the biomass power plant in a carbon capture unit to reduce CO.sub.2e emissions. The hydrogen product has a carbon intensity preferably less than about 1.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, more preferably less than 0.45 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, and most preferably less than 0.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2.

Provided are methods for preparing hydrogen and solid carbon. Illustrative methods comprise providing a feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons to a microwave-inert reaction vessel and/or a radio wave-inert reaction vessel. The reaction vessel has solid carbon, about 0% water and about 0% molecular oxygen inside the reaction vessel and the carbon inside the reaction vessel is operable to heat the feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons. The carbon is then exposed to microwaves and/or radio waves until the solid carbon is at a temperature of at least 1200 Kelvin, thereby forming hydrogen and solid carbon. Once formed, the hydrogen and solid carbon are separated.

Reduction of the water content of ammonia used in an ammonia cracking process allows the use of water intolerant cracking catalysts. The water removal process can also be used to recover and recycle ammonia from the cracked gas.

A process is provided that includes pyrolyzing methane to form a stream of hydrogen and solid carbon and co-feeding a CO.sub.2-containing stream and the stream of hydrogen to a fuel synthesis unit in which the CO.sub.2 of the CO.sub.2-containing stream and the hydrogen of the stream of hydrogen are converted to a low-carbon intensity fuel. Also provided is a system comprising a pyrolizer for pyrolyzing methane having a methane inlet, an outlet for a stream of hydrogen, and an outlet for solid carbon. The system also comprises a fuel synthesis unit capable of receiving the stream of hydrogen and a CO.sub.2-containing stream in which the CO.sub.2 of the CO.sub.2-containing stream and the hydrogen of the stream of hydrogen are converted to a low-carbon intensity fuel.

The hydrogen gas production device includes a water tank in which a hydrogen-side photocatalyst is immersed in water in which a mediator is dispersed and hydrogen gas is generated by irradiation with light, and a mediator is oxidized; a light irradiation means for irradiating the hydrogen side photocatalyst with light; a water tank in which an oxygen-side photocatalyst is immersed in the water in which the mediator is dispersed and oxygen gas is generated by irradiation with light, and a light irradiation means for irradiating the oxygen side photocatalyst with light; and a water circulation unit for circulating water in which a mediator is dispersed between the hydrogen side and the oxygen side water tank, and a light source of the light irradiation means is a light emitting diode.

Provided are methods for preparing hydrogen and solid carbon. Illustrative methods comprise providing a feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons to a microwave-inert reaction vessel and/or a radio wave-inert reaction vessel. The reaction vessel has solid carbon, about 0% water and about 0% molecular oxygen inside the reaction vessel and the carbon inside the reaction vessel is operable to heat the feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons. The carbon is then exposed to microwaves and/or radio waves until the solid carbon is at a temperature of at least 1200 Kelvin, thereby forming hydrogen and solid carbon. Once formed, the hydrogen and solid carbon are separated.

A method is provided for producing hydrogen in an steam methane reformer (SMR) via ammonia cracking, wherein the SMR can include a furnace, a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit, waste heat recovery sections, and a water scrubber, wherein the furnace has a plurality of SMR tubes and a plurality of burners. The method can include the steps of: withdrawing ammonia from an ammonia storage vessel; preheating the ammonia to form a warm ammonia stream; introducing the warm ammonia stream into the SMR tubes of the furnace under conditions effective for catalytically cracking the ammonia, thereby forming a crude stream comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, and unreacted ammonia; treating the crude stream with a water wash in order to remove the unreacted ammonia from the crude stream, thereby resulting in an aqueous ammonia stream and a washed crude stream; and introducing the washed crude stream into the PSA unit to produce a hydrogen product stream and a PSA off-gas.

A method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system is disclosed that carries out an air heated pre-reforming process, a primary reforming process, a secondary reforming process.

Provided are methods for preparing hydrogen and solid carbon. Illustrative methods comprise providing a feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons to a microwave-inert reaction vessel and/or a radio wave-inert reaction vessel. The reaction vessel has solid carbon, about 0% water and about 0% molecular oxygen inside the reaction vessel and the carbon inside the reaction vessel is operable to heat the feedstock comprising gaseous hydrocarbons. The carbon is then exposed to microwaves and/or radio waves until the solid carbon is at a temperature of at least 1200 Kelvin, thereby forming hydrogen and solid carbon. Once formed, the hydrogen and solid carbon are separated.