A PFA removal system includes a torch reaction zone and an organic compound stream, the organic compound stream injected into the torch reaction zone. The PFA removal system also includes a hydrogen stream, the hydrogen stream injected into the torch reaction zone and an oxygen stream, the oxygen stream injected into the torch reaction zone. In addition, the PFA removal system includes a hot waste stream injected into the torch reaction zone and a flue gas stream, the flue gas stream discharged from the torch reaction zone.

Hydrogen may be produced by a method that includes a first reaction where methane is reacted with carbon dioxide to produce at least carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a second reaction where a metal in a reduced state is reacted with water to form at least hydrogen and a metal in an oxidized state, and a third reaction where carbon monoxide is reacted with the metal in an oxidized state to form at least carbon dioxide and the metal in a reduced state.

Hydrogen may be produced by a method that includes a first reaction where methane is reacted with oxygen to produce at least carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a second reaction where a metal in a reduced state is reacted with water to form at least hydrogen and a metal in an oxidized state, and a third reaction where carbon monoxide is reacted with the metal in an oxidized state to form at least carbon dioxide and the metal in a reduced state.

Hydrogen may be produced by a method that includes a first reaction where methane is reacted with water to produce at least carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a second reaction where a metal in a reduced state is reacted with water to form at least hydrogen and a metal in an oxidized state, and a third reaction where carbon monoxide is reacted with the metal in an oxidized state to form at least carbon dioxide and the metal in a reduced state.

A method of producing hydrogen and sequestering carbon or sulfur includes generating a fluid including at least one of water, steam, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and heat as a byproduct of a surface facility and injecting the fluid into a subsurface formation. The subsurface formation can include a porous rock, in various forms of porosity such as intragranular, intergranular, fracture porosity. The method can further include heating the fluid to stimulate an exothermic reaction of the fluid with components of the subsurface rock formation and produce a hydrogen reaction product and one or more of sulfur minerals from the hydrogen sulfide or carbon minerals from the carbon dioxide. The fluid can be heated to between about 25 C. and about 500 C. The method can also include extracting the hydrogen produced from the reaction of the fluid with the subsurface rock formation and mineralizing at least one of the sulfur or carbon in the porous rock.

An integrated temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process and gas fermentation process and device is disclosed. A heated tail gas stream from the gas fermentation process is used to heat and regenerate adsorbent in the TSA device. A portion of treated feedstock from the TSA device is used to cool the regenerated adsorbent. Integration of a tail gas stream from the gas fermentation zone used for regeneration of absorbent in the TSA eliminates the need for an inert gas regenerant and using TSA treated gas feedstock for cooling regenerated adsorbent allows for maximum recovery and use of available gas feedstock. Alternatively, when a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process is also employed, a purge stream from the PSA may be used as regenerant in the TSA process.

A PFA removal system includes a torch reaction zone and an organic compound stream, the organic compound stream injected into the torch reaction zone. The PFA removal system also includes a hydrogen stream, the hydrogen stream injected into the torch reaction zone and an oxygen stream, the oxygen stream injected into the torch reaction zone. In addition, the PFA removal system includes a hot waste stream injected into the torch reaction zone and a flue gas stream, the flue gas stream discharged from the torch reaction zone.

A method for producing hydrogen product having a low carbon intensity is provided. The method includes the steps of: (a) converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to a hydrogen product using a hydrocarbon reforming process; (b) providing at least some of the required energy for the hydrogen production process from a biomass power plant; and (c) processing one or more flue gas streams from the biomass power plant in a carbon capture unit to reduce CO.sub.2e emissions. The hydrogen product has a carbon intensity preferably less than about 1.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, more preferably less than 0.45 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, and most preferably less than 0.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2.

A process of quickly starting a hydrogen generator from cold conditions. The generator, which converts a fuel and an oxidant under catalytic partial oxidation conditions into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is intended for onboard integration with an internal combustion engine (ICE) of a transportation vehicle. Fast start of the hydrogen generator allows for rapid hydrogen augmentation of the ICE with the advantages of a more stable combustion and a reduction in hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.

A system and method for producing hydrogen, including converting sulfur vapor and oxygen gas in a first zone of furnace into sulfur monoxide, injecting water into a second zone of the furnace, converting the sulfur monoxide and the water in the second zone into hydrogen gas and sulfur dioxide, discharging furnace exhaust gas (including the hydrogen gas) from the furnace, condensing sulfur vapor in the furnace exhaust gas into liquid sulfur in a condenser (heat exchanger) downstream of the furnace, and discharging the liquid sulfur from the condenser to a vessel.