Waste water is treated by contacting it with sodium to form hydrogen which is then contacted with air in a combustion chamber to produce clean water and heat.

Methods for stabilizing one or more peroxide compounds in solution comprising adding to the solution an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group comprising (i) cyclic carbonates; (ii) poly-phosphonic acid chelating agents and salts thereof, and alkaline pH adjusting agents with a pKb value of up to 3.0, wherein the w/w ratio of the poly-phosphonic acid chelating agent or salt thereof to alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide is from about 1:1 to about 50:1; and (iii) mixtures thereof. Also disclosed are solutions comprising the above compounds, uses of the above compounds to stabilize peroxide compounds in solutions, and compounds recited above for use as novel stabilizers.

Methods for stabilizing one or more peroxide compounds in solution comprising adding to the solution an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group comprising (i) cyclic carbonates; (ii) poly-phosphonic acid chelating agents and salts thereof, and alkaline pH adjusting agents with a pKb value of up to 3.0, wherein the w/w ratio of the poly-phosphonic acid chelating agent or salt thereof to alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide is from about 1:1 to about 50:1; and (iii) mixtures thereof. Also disclosed are solutions comprising the above compounds, uses of the above compounds to stabilize peroxide compounds in solutions, and compounds recited above for use as novel stabilizers.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ in-creased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ in-creased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

Process for making a chelating agent according to the general formula (I),

R.sup.1CH(COOX.sup.1)N(CH.sub.2COOX.sup.1).sub.2(I)

wherein R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH.sub.2OH, and CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOX.sup.1, X.sup.1 is (M.sub.xH.sub.1-x), M being selected from alkali metal, x is in the range of from 0.6 to 1, said process comprising the following steps: (a) providing a solid, a slurry or a solution of a compound according to general formula (II a)

R.sup.1CH(COOX.sup.2)N(CH.sub.2CN).sub.2(II a) wherein X.sup.2 is (M.sub.yH.sub.1-y), M being selected from alkali metal, y is in the range of from zero to 1, (b) contacting said solid or slurry or solution with an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide, wherein the molar ratio of alkali metal ions to nitrile groups is in the range of from 0.6:1 to 0.95:1, (c) reacting said compound according to general formula (II a) with said alkali metal hydroxide.

Process for making a chelating agent according to the general formula (I),

R.sup.1CH(COOX.sup.1)N(CH.sub.2COOX.sup.1).sub.2(I)

wherein R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH.sub.2OH, and CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOX.sup.1, X.sup.1 is (M.sub.xH.sub.1-x), M being selected from alkali metal, x is in the range of from 0.6 to 1, said process comprising the following steps: (a) providing a solid, a slurry or a solution of a compound according to general formula (II a)

R.sup.1CH(COOX.sup.2)N(CH.sub.2CN).sub.2(II a) wherein X.sup.2 is (M.sub.yH.sub.1-y), M being selected from alkali metal, y is in the range of from zero to 1, (b) contacting said solid or slurry or solution with an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide, wherein the molar ratio of alkali metal ions to nitrile groups is in the range of from 0.6:1 to 0.95:1, (c) reacting said compound according to general formula (II a) with said alkali metal hydroxide.

This invention relates to an industrial process of manufacturing hydroxide precursor for lithium transition metal oxide used in secondary lithium ion batteries. More particularly, this process utilizes highly concentrated nitrate salts and is designed to mitigate waste production.