A method of making unit cell sized oxide particulates comprising preparing a water solution of a metal or ceramic salt or methanol solution of Pt, adding a 2-fold molar excess of KO.sub.2 to the water solution and forming a reaction solution, spinning down the reaction solution, and creating oxide nanoparticles.

A method of making unit cell sized oxide particulates comprising preparing a water solution of a metal or ceramic salt or methanol solution of Pt, adding a 2-fold molar excess of KO.sub.2 to the water solution and forming a reaction solution, spinning down the reaction solution, and creating oxide nanoparticles.

A forest fire retardant composition contains a retardant compound that includes a phosphate salt. The phosphate salt may include diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate, and combinations thereof. The forest fire retardant composition may include an ammonium source. The composition may be in the form of a dry concentrate, a liquid concentrate, or a final diluted product. The final diluted product is effective in suppressing, retarding, and controlling forest fires while exhibiting corrosion resistance and low toxicity.

A forest fire retardant composition contains a retardant compound that includes a phosphate salt. The phosphate salt may include diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate, and combinations thereof. The forest fire retardant composition may include an ammonium source. The composition may be in the form of a dry concentrate, a liquid concentrate, or a final diluted product. The final diluted product is effective in suppressing, retarding, and controlling forest fires while exhibiting corrosion resistance and low toxicity.

The present application pertains to processes for making calcium oxide and/or sulfuric acid from calcium sulfate. In some embodiments the processes comprise reacting a component comprising calcium sulfate with a second component comprising magnesium sulfite under conditions to form a solid comprising calcium sulfite and a solution comprising magnesium sulfate. Next, at least a portion of the solid comprising calcium sulfite is decomposed to form a second solid comprising calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxide, or cement, or clinker, or any combination thereof.

The present application pertains to processes for making calcium oxide and/or sulfuric acid from calcium sulfate. In some embodiments the processes comprise reacting a component comprising calcium sulfate with a second component comprising magnesium sulfite under conditions to form a solid comprising calcium sulfite and a solution comprising magnesium sulfate. Next, at least a portion of the solid comprising calcium sulfite is decomposed to form a second solid comprising calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxide, or cement, or clinker, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments the application pertains to processes comprising reacting a component comprising an alkaline earth weak acid with a component comprising an acid to form a component comprising an alkaline earth acid anion and a component comprising a weak acid derivative. At least a portion of the component comprising the alkaline earth acid anion is reacted with a component comprising an alkali sulfate to form a component comprising alkaline earth sulfate and a component comprising an alkali acid anion. At least a portion of the component comprising alkaline earth sulfate is decomposed to form a component comprising alkaline earth oxide, or alkaline earth hydroxide, or alkaline earth carbonate, or alkaline earth sulfide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof, and a component comprising sulfur dioxide, or oxygen, or sulfur trioxide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments the application pertains to processes comprising reacting a component comprising an alkaline earth weak acid with a component comprising an acid to form a component comprising an alkaline earth acid anion and a component comprising a weak acid derivative. At least a portion of the component comprising the alkaline earth acid anion is reacted with a component comprising an alkali sulfate to form a component comprising alkaline earth sulfate and a component comprising an alkali acid anion. At least a portion of the component comprising alkaline earth sulfate is decomposed to form a component comprising alkaline earth oxide, or alkaline earth hydroxide, or alkaline earth carbonate, or alkaline earth sulfide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof, and a component comprising sulfur dioxide, or oxygen, or sulfur trioxide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments the application pertains to processes comprising reacting a component comprising an alkaline earth weak acid with a component comprising an acid to form a component comprising an alkaline earth acid anion and a component comprising a weak acid derivative. At least a portion of the component comprising the alkaline earth acid anion is reacted with a component comprising an alkali sulfate to form a component comprising alkaline earth sulfate and a component comprising an alkali acid anion. At least a portion of the component comprising alkaline earth sulfate is decomposed to form a component comprising alkaline earth oxide, or alkaline earth hydroxide, or alkaline earth carbonate, or alkaline earth sulfide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof, and a component comprising sulfur dioxide, or oxygen, or sulfur trioxide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments the application pertains to processes comprising reacting a component comprising an alkaline earth weak acid with a component comprising an acid to form a component comprising an alkaline earth acid anion and a component comprising a weak acid derivative. At least a portion of the component comprising the alkaline earth acid anion is reacted with a component comprising an alkali sulfate to form a component comprising alkaline earth sulfate and a component comprising an alkali acid anion. At least a portion of the component comprising alkaline earth sulfate is decomposed to form a component comprising alkaline earth oxide, or alkaline earth hydroxide, or alkaline earth carbonate, or alkaline earth sulfide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof, and a component comprising sulfur dioxide, or oxygen, or sulfur trioxide, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof.