A porous metal-oxide composite particle suitable for use as a oxygen reduction reaction or oxygen evolution reaction catalyst and sacrificial support based methods for making the same.

An organic-inorganic perovskite CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 nanowire showing a length-width aspect ratio from 5-400 up to 10.sup.9 and a width-height ratio of 1-100 up to 1-10000. Further, the invention is embodied as a process for making the nanowire wherein at least a polar aprotic solvents is used, the polar aprotic solvent being at least one from the list comprising DMF, DMSO, and DMAc solvents.

The invention relates to novel materials of the formula: A.sub.uM.sup.1.sub.vM.sup.2.sub.wM.sup.3x02.sub. wherein A is one or more alkali metals; M.sup.1 comprises one or more redox active metals with an oxidation state in the range +2 to +4; M.sup.2 comprises tin, optionally in combination with one or more transition metals; M.sup.3 comprises one or more transition metals either alone or in combination with one or more non-transition elements selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, other metals, metalloids and non-metals, with an oxidation state in the range +1 to +5; wherein the oxidation state of M1, M2, and M3 are chosen to maintain charge neutrality and further wherein is in the range 00.4; U is in the range 0.3<U<2; V is in the range 0.1V<0.75; W is in the range 0<W<0.75; X is in the range 0X<0.5; and (U+V+W+X)<4.0. Such materials are useful, for example as electrode materials, in rechargeable battery applications.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a hexafluoromanganate(IV), said method being characterized by comprising: inserting an anode and a cathode into a reaction solution that contains a compound containing manganese having an atomic valence of less than 4 and/or manganese having an atomic valence of more than 4 and hydrogen fluoride; and then applying an electric current having an electric current density of 100 to 1000 A/m.sup.2 between the anode and the cathode. According to the present invention, it becomes possible to produce a hexafluoromanganate(IV) in which the content ratio of manganese having an atomic valence of 4 is high and the contamination with oxygen is reduced and which has high purity. When a complex fluoride red phosphor is produced using the hexafluoromanganate(IV) as a raw material, the phosphor produced has high luminescence properties, particularly high internal quantum efficiency.

Provided is a transparent indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO) electrode with a PANI:PSS interlayer, wherein the PANI:PSS interlayer is formed on an upper surface of an IZTO film. Accordingly, it is possible to manufacture a transparent IZTO electrode with improved mechanical stability by forming a PANI:PSS interlayer to prevent fractures in the inorganic IZTO layer, thereby significantly improving the retention rate of the initial average visible transmittance (AVT) even after bending cycles and reducing sheet resistance.

Provided is a method for producing a phosphor having a s chemical composition represented by formula (I), A.sub.2MF.sub.6:Mn (I) (A is one type or more of an alkali metal selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and includes at least Na and/or K, and M is one type or more of a tetravalent element selected from Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, and Sn.), the method comprising preparing a first hydrofluoric acid solution containing M and a second hydrofluoric acid solution containing A as well as either dissolving a compound containing Mn in either the first hydrofluoric acid solution or the second hydrofluoric acid solution or preparing a separate solution in which the compound containing Mn is dissolved. When the solutions are mixed to precipitate the phosphor of the formula (I), the solutions are mixed so that the concentration of M is 0.1 to 0.5 mol/liter when all the solutions are mixed. According to the present invention, a complex fluoride phosphor having excellent luminescence properties can be produced stably with high yield.

Lithium-containing thiostannate spinel compounds having the formula Li.sub.2M.sub.1+xSn.sub.3xS.sub.8, where x is 0 or 1 and M is Mg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ga, In, or a combination thereof; or the formula Li.sub.1.66CuSn.sub.3.33S.sub.8 are provided. Methods and devices for detecting incident neutrons and alpha-particles using the compounds are also provided. For thermal neutron detection applications, the compounds can be enriched with lithium-6 isotope (.sup.6Li) to enhance their neutron detecting capabilities.

An object is to provide a material suitably used for a semiconductor included in a transistor, a diode, or the like. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device including a transistor in which the condition of an electron state at an interface between an oxide semiconductor film and a gate insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor film is favorable. Further, another object is to manufacture a highly reliable semiconductor device by giving stable electric characteristics to a transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film is used for a channel. A semiconductor device is formed using an oxide material which includes crystal with c-axis alignment, which has a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement when seen from the direction of a surface or an interface and rotates around the c-axis.

A method for producing a solid electrolyte powder includes preparing a mixed solution by adding a poor solvent to a good solvent solution that contains a good solvent and a solid electrolyte that contains an alkali metal element and/or an alkaline earth metal element, Sn and S; removing at least some of the good solvent from the mixed solution to precipitate solid electrolyte particles; and drying the solid electrolyte particles to obtain a solid electrolyte powder. The ratio of the volume of the poor solvent relative to the volume of the good solvent (volume of poor solvent/volume of good solvent) is 5 or more.

This disclosure relates to the manufacture an alkali metal quaternary crystalline nanomaterial. an alkali metal quaternary crystalline nanomaterial having general Formula A (I.sub.2-II-IV-VI.sub.4); and wherein I is sodium (Na) or lithium (Li), II and IV are Zn or Sn, and VI is a chalcogens selected from the group comprising: sulphur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te). The crystal phase of the alkali metal quaternary crystalline nanomaterial may be a primitive mixed CuAu like structure (PMCA) and may have a space group: P42m. The nanomaterials may be adapted to provide a solar cell. Methods of manufacture are also provided.