A cathode configured to use oxygen as a cathode active material includes: a porous film including a metal oxide, where a porosity of the porous film is about 50 volume percent to about 95 volume percent, based on a total volume of the porous film, and an amount of an organic component in the porous film is 0 to about 2 weight percent, based on a total weight of the porous film.

A cathode configured to use oxygen as a cathode active material includes: a porous film including a metal oxide, where a porosity of the porous film is about 50 volume percent to about 95 volume percent, based on a total volume of the porous film, and an amount of an organic component in the porous film is 0 to about 2 weight percent, based on a total weight of the porous film.

Modified copper chromite spinel pigments exhibit lower coefficients of thermal expansion than unmodified structures. Three methods exist to modify the pigments: (1) the incorporation of secondary modifiers into the pigment core composition, (2) control of the pigment firing profile, including both the temperature and the soak time, and (3) control of the pigment core composition.

An object is to provide a new type of near-infrared ray-emitting phosphor which exhibits excellent emission intensity. A near-infrared ray-emitting phosphor is represented by a general formula, (Y,Lu,Gd).sub.3-x-y (Ga,Al,Sc).sub.5O.sub.12:(Cr.sub.x,(Yb,Nd).sub.y) (0.05<x<0.3, 0≤y<0.3).

An object is to provide a new type of near-infrared ray-emitting phosphor which exhibits excellent emission intensity. A near-infrared ray-emitting phosphor is represented by a general formula, (Y,Lu,Gd).sub.3-x-y (Ga,Al,Sc).sub.5O.sub.12:(Cr.sub.x,(Yb,Nd).sub.y) (0.05<x<0.3, 0≤y<0.3).

The invention relates to active electrode materials and to methods for the manufacture of active electrode materials. Such materials are of interest as active electrode materials in lithium-ion or sodium-ion batteries. The invention provides an active electrode material expressed by the general formula M1.sub.aM2.sub.2-aM.sub.3bNb.sub.34-bO.sub.87-c-dQ.sub.d.

The invention relates to active electrode materials and to methods for the manufacture of active electrode materials. Such materials are of interest as active electrode materials in lithium-ion or sodium-ion batteries. The invention provides an active electrode material expressed by the general formula M1.sub.aM2.sub.2-aM.sub.3bNb.sub.34-bO.sub.87-c-dQ.sub.d.

A perovskite material represented by Formula 1:

Li.sub.xA.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.3-Formula 1 wherein in Formula 1, 0<x1, 0<y1, 0<x+y<1, 0<z1.5, 01, A is H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, or a combination thereof, and M is Ni, Pd, Pb, Fe, Ir, Co, Rh, Mn, Cr, Ru, Re, Sn, V, Ge, W, Zr, Mo, Hf, U, Nb, Th, Ta, Bi, Li, H, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Zn, Ga, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Pt, Au, or a combination thereof.

Provided is a near-infrared light emitting fluorescent material including an oxide containing Gd, Cr and Al, in which a molar ratio of Cr is in a range of 0.0085 or more and 0.05 or less when a total molar ratio of Gd and Cr is defined as 1 in 1 mol of the chemical composition of the near-infrared light emitting fluorescent material, and having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 690 nm or more and 790 nm or less, as excited with light having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 380 nm or more and 480 nm or less.

Provided is a near-infrared light emitting fluorescent material including an oxide containing Gd, Cr and Al, in which a molar ratio of Cr is in a range of 0.0085 or more and 0.05 or less when a total molar ratio of Gd and Cr is defined as 1 in 1 mol of the chemical composition of the near-infrared light emitting fluorescent material, and having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 690 nm or more and 790 nm or less, as excited with light having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 380 nm or more and 480 nm or less.