Processes for producing ammonium octamolybdate/metal hydroxide complexes include the steps of pre-contacting ammonium dimolybdate and a metal hydroxide, and then contacting molybdenum trioxide, to form the ammonium octamolybdate/metal hydroxide complexes. The resulting complexes contain the metal hydroxide and from 1 to 95 wt. % of ammonium octamolybdate, and generally, at least 80 wt. % of the ammonium octamolybdate in the complex is present in an orthorhombic crystalline form. These ammonium octamolybdate/metal hydroxide complexes can be used as smoke suppressants in polymer compositions, such as PVC-based and epoxy-based formulations.

The present application provides vanadium dioxide doped with Ti, or vanadium dioxide further doped with other atoms selected from the group of W, Ta, Mo, and Nb. The vanadium dioxide of the present application is excellent in moisture resistance and in which deterioration of endothermic characteristics due to moisture is suppressed.

Methods for the scalable and systematic synthesis of semiconducting Chevrel phase compounds via self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) are provided. The provided methods utilize elemental precursors not utilized by typical synthesis methods. The precursors may include molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum disulfide (MoS.sub.2), and a ternary cation. In various aspects, the ternary cation may be copper (Cu), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni). The utilization of the provided precursors and SHS decreases the time it takes to synthesize Chevrel phase compounds as compared to typical heat treatment methods.

Provided is an electrochemical element having excellent load characteristics and charge-discharge cycle characteristics, an electrode active material that can constitute the electrochemical element, a method for manufacturing the electrode active material, an electrode material, an electrode, and a movable body including the electrochemical element. The electrode active material for an electrochemical element according to the present invention includes an oxide that has a monoclinic crystal structure and satisfies the following general formula (1): A.sub.yM.sup.1.sub.αAl.sub.x−αNb.sub.12−x−zM.sup.2.sub.zO.sub.29−δ (1). In the general formula (1), A is at least one element selected from Li and Na, M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Zn Cu, Ag, Mg Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, Eu, Y, Bi, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd, M2 is specific element, awl x, y, z, δ, and α satisfy 0<x≤1.1, 0≤y≤24, 0≤z≤2, −1≤δ≤2, and 0<α≤0.4x.

The invention relates to a process for obtaining a formate from a reaction mixture (10) in which a polyoxometallate ion, which acts as a catalyst, is in contact with an organic material at a temperature below 120° C. to produce formic acid in an aqueous solution, with the following steps. a) separating a mixture of formic acid and water from the reaction mixture by reverse osmosis and/or as vapor (18), the vapor (18) subsequently being condensed, and b) reacting the formic acid with a hydroxide (24) in aqueous solution to produce a solution of a formate.

A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:
A.sub.4±xTi.sub.5−yG.sub.zO.sub.12−δ  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, G is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, with the proviso that G is not Ti or Cr, wherein 0<x<2, 0.3<y<5, 0<z<5, and 0<δ≤3.

Disclosed are an electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, comprising at least one selected from compounds represented by the following formula 1, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same.
Li.sub.xMo.sub.4−yM.sub.yO.sub.6−zA.sub.z  (1) wherein 0≦x≦2, 0≦y≦0.5, 0≦z≦0.5, M is a metal or transition metal cation having an oxidation number of +2 to +4, and A is a negative monovalent or negative bivalent anion.

Methods of increasing the particle size of ammonium octamolybdate (AOM) pigment powder are provided. A method can include heating the AOM pigment powder to a temperature above 20° C. for a given amount of time. An ink composition can be produced by formulating AOM pigment powder with increased particle size and incorporating the AOM pigment powder into an ink composition.

A method for configuring a non-lithium-intercalation electrode includes intercalating an insertion species between multiple layers of a stacked or layered electrode material. The method forms an electrode architecture with increased interlayer spacing for non-lithium metal ion migration. A laminate electrode material is constructed such that pillaring agents are intercalated between multiple layers of the stacked electrode material and installed in a battery.

According to one embodiment, an active material is provided. This active material includes active material particles containing orthorhombic Na-containing niobium titanium composite oxide, and satisfies the following formula (1):

1≦A5/A0  (1) where A5 is a mole content ratio of a Li mole content L5 to a total of a Ti mole content T5 and a Nb mole content N5, and A0 is a mole content ratio of a Li mole content L0 to a total of a Ti mole content T0 and a Nb mole content N0.