A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to a space group Fm-3m, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide includes Cu and a transition metal element M1 other than Li and Cu. The lithium metal composite oxide is preferably represented by a composition formula Li.sub.aMn.sub.bCu.sub.cA.sup.2.sub.dO.sub.2-eF.sub.e (where A.sup.2 is at least one element excluding Li, Mn, Cu, O, and F, and 0<a≤1.35, 0.4≤b≤0.9, 0<c≤0.2, 0≤d≤0.2, 0≤e≤0.66, 1.75≤a+b+c+d≤2 are satisfied).

Disclosed are a reaction tower, a production system, and a production method for producing potassium manganate. The reaction tower includes a reaction tower body and a bubble generator. The reaction tower body has a reaction chamber. The bubble generator includes an outer housing. The outer housing is disposed in the reaction chamber and has a gas flow channel therein. The outer housing is configured to direct an external reactant gas into the gas flow channel. The outer housing is provided with multiple first pores each having a diameter less than 10 mm, via which the gas flow channel communicates with the reaction chamber. The reaction tower is used in the production system. The reactant gas is introduced into the reaction chamber in the form of small bubbles by the action of the bubble generator, to increase the area of contact of the reactant gas with manganese ore powder and lye.

Electrode materials for electrochemical cells and batteries and methods of producing such materials are disclosed herein. The electrode materials comprise an active lithium metal oxide material prepared by: (a) contacting the lithium metal oxide material with an aqueous acidic solution containing one or more metal cations; and (b) heating the so-contacted lithium metal oxide from step (a) to dryness at a temperature below 200° C. The metal cations in the aqueous acidic solution comprise one or more metal cations selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal ion, a transition metal ion, and a main group metal ion.

A compound represented by Li.sub.aCo.sub.(1-x-2y)Me.sub.x(M1M2).sub.yO.sub.δ, (Formula (I)) wherein Me, is one or more of Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Sn, and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0<y≤0.4, 0.95≤α≤1.4, and 1.90≤δ≤2.10 is disclosed. Further, particles including such compounds are described.

A material synthesis method may comprise: adding at least one liquid precursor solution to an atomizer device; generating by the atomizer device an aerosol comprising liquid droplets; transporting the aerosol to a reactive zone for evaporating one or more solvents from the aerosol; and collecting particles synthesized from at least evaporating the aerosol.

A composition of general formula (1): Na.sub.x[Mn.sub.aNi.sub.bCr.sub.c]O.sub.2+y (1), wherein: 0.6≤x≤0.8; −0.1≤y≤0.1; 0.55≤a≤0.7; 0.25≤b≤0.3; c≤0.05; and a+b+c≤1.0, an intermediate product for preparing a composition of general formula (1) and a process of synthesis, wherein the mixed sodium-transition metal oxide of general formula (1) may generally show an essentially or solely P2 structure, and may be used as a positive electrode material for a sodium ion secondary battery.

A composition of general formula (1): Na.sub.x[Mn.sub.aNi.sub.bCr.sub.c]O.sub.2+y (1), wherein: 0.6≤x≤0.8; −0.1≤y≤0.1; 0.55≤a≤0.7; 0.25≤b≤0.3; c≤0.05; and a+b+c≤1.0, an intermediate product for preparing a composition of general formula (1) and a process of synthesis, wherein the mixed sodium-transition metal oxide of general formula (1) may generally show an essentially or solely P2 structure, and may be used as a positive electrode material for a sodium ion secondary battery.

Simple, material-efficient microgranulation methods are disclosed for aggregating precursor particles into larger product particles with improved properties and, in some instances, novel structures. The product particles are useful in applications requiring uniform, smooth, spherical, or rounded particles such as for electrode materials in lithium batteries and other applications.

A positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries capable of easily doping vanadium oxide with molybdenum, and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The method of manufacturing a positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries includes (a) reacting vanadium oxide with a water-soluble molybdenum-based compound in the presence of a solvent; and (b) thermally treating the reaction product of (a).

Supplemental lithium can be used to stabilize lithium ion batteries with lithium rich metal oxides as the positive electrode active material. Dramatic improvements in the specific capacity at long cycling have been obtained. The supplemental lithium can be provided with the negative electrode, or alternatively as a sacrificial material that is subsequently driven into the negative electrode active material. The supplemental lithium can be provided to the negative electrode active material prior to assembly of the battery using electrochemical deposition. The positive electrode active materials can comprise a layered-layered structure comprising manganese as well as nickel and/or cobalt.