The present invention provides an ultrathin and crystalline sp3-bonded carbon sheet, a stack structure, heterostructure and composite material comprising said ultrathin and crystalline sp3-bonded carbon sheet, and a method of manufacture of ultrathin and crystalline sp3-bonded carbon sheets. The method comprises the steps of providing a few-layer graphene starting material, disposing the few-layer graphene starting material on a substrate within a chemical vapour deposition chamber comprising a vacuum chamber and a feed gas inlet, and flowing a feed gas comprising hydrogen over the substrate at a substrate temperature of 325 C. or less and a pressure of 100 Torr or less to at least partially convert the few-layer graphene starting material into ultrathin and crystalline sp3-bonded carbon sheets. The method according to the present invention is the first method for successful production of ultrathin and crystalline sp3-bonded carbon sheets, including e.g. lonsdaleite sheets and diamond sheets. Advantageously it may also be relatively low cost, low waste, may avoid the use of complex apparatus having multiple components, and may allow operation under mild processing conditions.

The positive electrode active material for secondary batteries having a layered structure containing at least nickel, cobalt, and manganese, as single-crystal particles and/or secondary particles that are aggregates of a plurality of primary particles, wherein: an average particle strength of particles having a particle size of (D50)1.0 m is 200 MPa or more, wherein (D50) is a particle size at a cumulative volume percentage of 50% by volume; and / is set to satisfy 0.97/1.25, provided that is a full width at half maximum of a lower angle peak among two diffraction peaks appearing in a range of 2=64.51 in an X-ray diffraction pattern, and is a full width at half maximum of a higher angle peak among the diffraction peaks.

Described is a composite material composed of an atomically thin (single layer) amorphous carbon disposed on top of a substrate (metal, glass, oxides) and methods of growing and differentiating stem cells.

A lithium metal composite oxide powder, comprising: secondary particles that are aggregates of primary particles, and single particles that are present independently of the secondary particles, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide is represented by composition formula (I), and a relationship [a/(a+b)] satisfies 0.5<[a/(a+b)]<1.0 when a number of the single particles is a and a number of the secondary particles is b:

Li[Li.sub.x(Ni.sub.(1-y-z-w)Co.sub.yMn.sub.zM.sub.w).sub.1-x]O.sub.2 (I)

wherein M is one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cu, Ti, Mg, Al, W, B, Mo, Nb, Zn, Sn, Zr, Ga, La, and V, 0.1x0.2, 0y0.4, 0z0.4, and 0w0.1.

A crystal-orientation controlled complex comprising a connected assembly having a thin film shape, in which a plurality of crystal pieces are connected with each other, the crystal pieces having a flake shape and having a main surface and an end surface, wherein the main surface has a crystal orientation relative to a specific crystal plane, and the thin film shaped connected assembly has a polarization singularity.

Provided are methods of stabilizing MXene compositions using polyanionic salts so as to reduce the oxidation of the MXenes. Also provided are stabilized MXene compositions.

A method is disclosed of assembling building blocks into supraparticles. The method includes applying a first solvent on a template of patterned recessed regions to wet surfaces of the recessed regions; applying a second solvent on the template of patterned recessed regions, the building blocks suspended in the second solvent; wherein the first solvent and the second solvent are partially miscible, resulting in negligible interfacial surface tension between the first and second solvents; and wherein droplets of the second solvent diffuse droplets of the first solvent in the recessed regions, thereby assembling the building blocks into the supraparticles in the recessed regions.

A positive-electrode active material contains a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM3-M and that is represented by the composition formula (1):

Li.sub.xA.sub.yMe.sub.zO.sub.F.sub.(1)

wherein A denotes Na or K, Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr, and the following conditions are satisfied. 1.7x+y2.2 0<y0.2 0.8z1.3 12.5 0.52

A bimodal lithium transition metal oxide based powder mixture comprising a first and a second lithium transition metal oxide based powder. The first powder comprises a material A having a layered crystal structure comprising the elements Li, a transition metal based composition M and oxygen and has a particle size distribution with a span <1.0. The second powder has a monolithic morphology and a general formula Li.sub.1+bN.sub.1-bO.sub.2, wherein 0.03b0.10, and N=Ni.sub.xM.sub.yCo.sub.zE.sub.d, wherein 0.30x0.92, 0.05y0.40, 0.05z0.40 and 0d0.10, with M being one or both of Mn or Al, and E being a dopant different from M. The first powder has an average particle size D50 between 10 and 40 m. The second powder has an average particle size D50 between 2 and 4 m. The weight ratio of the second powder in the bimodal mixture is between 20 and 60 wt %.

A bimodal lithium transition metal oxide based powder mixture comprises a first and a second lithium transition metal oxide based powder. The first powder comprises particles of a material A comprising the elements Li, a transition metal based composition M and oxygen. The first powder has a particle size distribution characterized by a (D90D10)/D50<1.0. The second powder comprises a material B having single crystal particles, said particles having a general formula Li.sub.+bN.sub.bO.sub.2, wherein 0.03b0.10, and NNi.sub.xM.sub.yCo.sub.zE.sub.d, wherein 0.30x0.92, 0.05y0.40, 0.05z0.40 and 0d0.10, wherein M is one or both of Mn or Al, and E is a dopant different from M. The first powder has an average particle size D50 between 10 and 40 m. The second powder has a D50 between 2 and 4 m. The weight ratio of the second powder in the mixture is between 15 and 60 wt %.