This invention relates to particulate electroactive materials consisting of a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous conductive particle framework including micropores and/or mesopores having a total volume of at least 0.4 to 2.2 cm.sup.3/g; (b) an electroactive material disposed within the porous conductive particle framework; and (c) a lithium-ion permeable filler penetrating the pores of the porous conductive particle framework and disposed intermediate the nanoscale silicon domains and the exterior of the composite particles.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to a nitrogen atom of a secondary amine functional group including a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom. The organometallic moieties may include a titanium atom that is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the secondary amine functional group. The nitrogen atom of the secondary amine function group may bridge the titanium atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite includes a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm and organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The microporous framework includes at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties include a metal atom and a ring structure including the metal atom, a nitrogen atom, and one or more carbon atoms. The metal atom may be bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and wherein the bridging oxygen atom bridges the metal atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

Disclosed herein are amine functionalized zeolites and methods for making amine functionalized zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, an amine functionalized zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The amine functionalized zeolite may further include a plurality of mesopores having diameters of greater than 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm and one or more of isolated terminal primary amine functionalities bonded to silicon atoms of the microporous framework or silazane functionalities, where the nitrogen atom of the silazane bridges two silicon atoms of the microporous framework.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework includes at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties include a hafnium atom. The hafnium atom is bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and bridging oxygen atom bridges the hafnium atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

A carbon nanotube assembly satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) an FT-IR spectrum of a CNT dispersion obtained by dispersing the CNT assembly has a peak based on plasmon resonance of the CNTs in a wave number range of greater than 300 cm.sup.−1 and 2000 cm.sup.−1 or less; (2) the highest peak in a differential pore capacity distribution of the CNT assembly is located within a pore size range of more than 100 nm and less than 400 nm; and (3) a two-dimensional spatial frequency spectrum of an electronic micrographic image of the CNT assembly has at least one peak within a range of 1 μm.sup.−1 or more and 100 μm.sup.−1 or less.

The present disclosure describes a crumpled form of Mxene materials, and methods of making and using these novel compositions.

A CoVO.sub.x composite electrode and method of making is described. The composite electrode comprises a substrate with an average 0.5-5 μm thick layer of CoVO.sub.x having pores with average diameters of 2-200 nm. The method of making the composite electrode involves contacting the substrate with an aerosol comprising a solvent, a cobalt complex, and a vanadium complex. The CoVO.sub.x composite electrode is capable of being used in an electrochemical cell for water oxidation.

A cathode active material for lithium secondary batteries, a method of preparing the same, a cathode including the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the cathode are provided. The cathode active material includes nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particles each including a plurality of large primary particles, the nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particles having a hollow structure having pores therein, each of the plurality of large primary particles having a size of about 2 μm to about 6 μm, and each of the nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particles having a size of about 10 μm to about 18 μm; and a cobalt compound-containing coating layer on surfaces of the nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particles.

A particulate oxide composition comprising cerium oxide, trivalent dopant, and optional additional metal oxide, other than cerium oxide and trivalent dopant, is beneficial to aid in the removal of biological contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (e.g., amoebae), yeast and algae. This particulate oxide composition contains more cerium oxide than trivalent dopant and has a unique depth profile in which the average trivalent dopant to Ce ratio at about 0 nm to about 3.5 nm from the surface of the particulate composition is greater than the trivalent dopant to Ce ratio at about 15 nm from the surface of the particulate composition. These trivalent doped cerium oxide compositions can be used to remove these biological contaminants from fluids, including air and water, and from solid surfaces. Also described are methods of using compositions containing these trivalent doped cerium oxide compositions to remove biological contaminants.