Polarizable diamond materials and methods for obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of samples external to the diamond materials are described. The diamond materials can include .sup.12C, .sup.13C, substitutional nitrogen, and nitrogen vacancy defects in a crystalline lattice, wherein the substitutional nitrogen concentration is between 10 ppm and 200 ppm, the nitrogen vacancy concentration is between 10 ppb and 10 ppm, and the .sup.13C concentration is greater than 1.1% and not more than 25%. Methods for obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance spectra can include optically pumping a diamond material to generate electron spin hyperpolarization in nitrogen vacancy centers, transferring the electron spin hyperpolarization to nuclei of the sample, and generating a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum by applying a magnetic field to the sample, exciting the sample with a radio frequency pulse, and detecting a nuclear magnetic resonance response from the sample.

Spherically-shaped silica can include a precipitated silica powder having a d.sub.50 particle size selected within a range of greater than 20 ?m and up to 80 ?m, a di-octyl adipate oil absorption selected within a range of from 150 ml/100 g to 500 ml/100 g, an average circularity selected within a range of from 0.70 to 1.0, and an angle of repose, of less than 30?. A process of preparing spherically-shaped silica powder is also included.

The present invention is concerned with a method of direct synthesis of co-products of at a first co-product and a second co-product. The first co-product is superhydrophilic carbon nitride thin film and the second co-product is superhydrophilic carbon nitride powder. The method has a step of using a guanidine carbonate salt as a precursor material. The present invention is also concerned with carbon nitride co-products. The carbon nitride co-products has a first co-product of superhydrophilic carbon nitride thin film and a second co-product of superhydrophilic carbon nitride powder. The superhydrophilic carbon nitride thin film has chemical formula of CN.sub.x, wherein x is 0.86-1.04, and the superhydrophilic carbon nitride powder has a chemical formula of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4.

The present invention relates to an electrode material for lithium ion battery, containing: a graphite powder; and a Si alloy composite powder, in which the Si alloy composite powder has an average particle diameter of 5 m or less and contains Si particles, SiX compound particles (X=Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Zr, or Ti), and at least one of SnY compound particles and AlY compound particles (Y=Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Zr, or Ti), a proportion of the Si particles in the Si alloy composite powder is 30 mass % to 95 mass %, and a coverage of the Si alloy composite powder on a surface of graphite particles is 5% or more.

A zirconium hydroxide powder, wherein in a pore diameter distribution determined by a mercury intrusion method, a pore diameter D in a range of 10 nm or more and 6000 nm or less is 50 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.

Provided is a method for preparing iridium oxide, comprising the steps of: preparing iridium chloride; mixing iridium chloride, a solvent and a pore control agent to prepare a dispersion; mixing the dispersion with an ion exchanging agent and performing ion exchange; removing the solvent from the dispersion to prepare a powder; and heat-treating the powder.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods of producing lithium carbonate. The lithium carbonate can be produced by contacting a lithium precursor with a carbon dioxide gas. The lithium carbonate produced from this method can include micron-sized lithium carbonate particles with nano-sized lithium carbonate particles coated on a surface of the micron-sized lithium carbonate particles.

A porous carbon material includes carbon nanotubes and carbon material particles, a particle elastic modulus of the porous carbon material is Y1, and 0.9 GpaY15.0 Gpa. The porous carbon material of this application has a high particle elastic modulus and a high powder conductivity. When a silicon-carbon material prepared using the porous carbon material in this application as a skeleton is used in an electrochemical apparatus, the silicon-carbon material can have a high particle elastic modulus and powder conductivity, improving the electrochemical performance of the electrochemical apparatus such as the long cycling performance and rate performance.

This present disclosure provides a rare earth additive and a method for preparing the rare earth additive to be used in production of clean energy or high-value chemicals, by which utilization of low-rank coal and biomass resources is achieved. The rare earth additive of the present disclosure is composed of rare earth chlorides, mixed rare earth chlorides, and rare earth nitrates, and can be used as additive for biochemical reactions between microorganisms and substances to be transformed, so as to improve the microbial activity in biochemical reactions. The rare earth additive promotes the transformation of low-rank coal (peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, weathered coal, coal gangue) and biomass into clean energy sources such as biomethane, biohydrogen, or bioethanol and high-value chemicals such as fulvic acid, water-soluble humic acid, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol. The carbon reduction transformation of high-carbon resources such as low-rank coal and biomass may be achieved.

The present disclosure relates to a powder of solid material particles of formula (I): Li.sub.aPS.sub.bX.sub.c whereinX represents at least one halogen element; a represents a number from 2.0 to 7.0; b represents a number from 3.0 to 6.0; and c represents a number from 0 to 3.0, wherein the powder has a d.sub.50-value of less than 50 m, characterised in that its L* value in the L*a*b* color system is less than 60.0. The present disclosure also relates to a process for preparing such powder, as well as to the use of such powder for notably manufacturing solid electrolytes or battery articles.