A filtration system for a pet water fountain is provided. The filtration system utilizes a pump placed within or along a watering bowl. The water filtration system also utilizes a multi-stage filtering device. In one aspect, the multi-stage filtering device includes a first filtering stage representing copper zinc alloy particles, and a second filtering stage representing granulated activated carbon particles. Each stage may constitute filtering material that is separated into an array of cells residing along a vertical frame or is separated into stages placed in series within a tubular cartridge. A method for filtering water in a pet fountain is also provided herein.

A method of treating contaminated water effluent from a well drilling operation. The method comprises decomposing organic contaminants in the effluent by bubbling a gas containing ozone through the effluent; adding a coagulant to increase the particle size of solid particles contained in the effluent; adding a flocculant to increase the particle size of solid particles contained in the effluent, thereby forming floes suspended in the effluent; and filtering the floes from the effluent to produce a filtrate and flocculated solids. The method may further comprise adding the coagulant into a stream of effluent flowing within a first conduit under controlled shear conditions, and adding the flocculant into a stream of effluent containing pin floes flowing within a second conduit under controlled shear conditions. The method may further comprise delivering the effluent containing the suspended floes into a filter through a conduit floating in the effluent contained in the filter.

A method of passivating a metal surface of hydrocarbon processing equipment is provided in which a water soluble molybdate compound is introduced into water or steam which is in contact or will come into contact with a metal surface of the hydrocarbon processing equipment to passivate the metal surface to inhibit surface coke formation.

A method of removing barium, calcium, strontium, and magnesium from frac flowback. A sulfate reagent and carbonate reagent are mixed with the frac flowback, causing barium, calcium, strontium, and magnesium to precipitate. The precipitants are crystallized and the resulting frac flowback and crystals are separated into relatively heavy solids and a stream of relatively light solids. The stream of relatively light solids is subjected to a further separation process that produces sludge that is recycled to aid in the crystallization process and a treated effluent which is recycled to the fracking operation or collected and used in another fracking operation.

A biological reactor system treats concentrated contaminated water with a combination of upflow and downflow bioreactors that are downstream from a reverse osmosis or other concentrator. The system may have a fail safe configuration where flush water may be introduced to the reactors in the event of a power failure or when taking the reactors offline. Many reverse osmosis systems introduce antiscalant treatments upstream so that the reverse osmosis filters do not scale. However, such treatments result in superconcentrated conditions of the antiscalants in the contaminated water processed by the bioreactors. A flushing system may deconcentrate the bioreactors to prevent the antiscalants from precipitating and fouling the bioreactors.

Unconventional hydrocarbons production from shale and tight-sand formations unlocks vast new energy sources to the nation. However, public perception about excessive potable water use in hydro-fracturing and possible pollution routes in discharging and reusing produced water (flow-back water) promotes state's stringent regulations and opens the door to develop effective produced water treatment methods. This invention is therefore aimed at properly treating produced water to avert health and environmental liabilities and convert economic losses to useful by-products using innovative methods to de-oil, de-scale, and de-salt produced water.

An ion removal device includes a hard water storage section configured to store hard water; and a fine bubble generation means configured to generate fine bubbles and supply the bubbles to the hard water storage section, wherein, in the hard water storage section, metal ions in the hard water are adsorbed to the fine bubbles to be removed from the hard water.

An ion removal device includes a hard water storage section configured to store hard water; and a fine bubble generation means configured to generate fine bubbles and supply the bubbles to the hard water storage section, wherein, in the hard water storage section, metal ions in the hard water are adsorbed to the fine bubbles to be removed from the hard water.

A system for treating produced water, for example from a SAGD bitumen production operation, has a treatment unit using chemical oxidation (CO) or electromagnetic treatment (ET) to destroy or degrade organics in the produced water. The treatment module may use CO or ET in combination with biological treatment or sorption processes or both. When the treatment module is used upstream of a steam generator, it reduces fouling in the steam generator and in any blowdown water treatment device. A brine concentrator or a crystallizer may be used to treat the blowdown water. The treatment module may be used in combination with a nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter. Optionally, the produced water may be treated with an ET process such as microwaves directly upstream of a steam generator or upstream of a concentrator or crystallizer in a blowdown water stream.

A scale suppression apparatus capable of suppressing in a low-priced manner the generation of silica-based scale and calcium-based scale in the influent water containing at least a silica component and a calcium component, a geothermal power generation system using the same, and a scale suppression method are provided. The scale suppression apparatus includes a chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit injecting liquid containing a chelating agent and an alkaline agent into a pipe arrangement through which influent water such as geothermal water or the like flows, and a controller controlling a pump and a valve of the chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit. The controller controls the injection of the chelating agent and the alkaline agent and stops of the injection based on the signal output from a scale detection unit for detecting a precipitation state of the scale.