The present disclosure relates to processes for treating wastewater such as acid rock drainage. The processes may, for example, comprise subjecting the wastewater to a microbial fuel cell process, neutralizing the acid with a base comprising calcium to produce an aqueous composition comprising calcium ions and subjecting the aqueous composition comprising calcium ions to a biological precipitation process to precipitate the calcium ions as calcium carbonate.

The present disclosure provides for a method of filtering pollutants from a contaminated fluid stream. The method includes disposing unprepared humic shale in a container, contacting the unprepared humic shale with an aqueous solution, maintaining the aqueous composition in contact with the unprepared humic shale for a period of time, drying the humic shale, and then placing polluted water in contact with the humic shale until pollutants have been removed from the fluid.

A reactor arrangement for performing, by means of at least one solid reaction member(s), a biological or chemical transformation, or physical or chemical trapping from, or release of agents to, a fluidic media in a continuous process. The arrangement comprises at least one reactor with a cylindrical reaction vessel (11) in which at least one reactor a transformation device (100) has been mounted. The vessel (11) comprises at least one inlet port (30) in the vicinity of its bottom wall (18) and at least one outlet port (40) arranged in the vicinity of its upper end portion. Each inlet port (30) is connected to a fluid supply member (300) configured to be submerged below the fluid surface level in a pool or a pond. The fluid supply member (300) comprises at least one inlet opening (301) configured to continuously supply a fluid from the pool or the pond to the vessel (11). Each outlet port (40) is configured to continuously let out the fluid from the vessel (11) to the pool or the pond via the outlet port (40). Further a method of using the reactor arrangement is provided.

The invention relates to a method for aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of microorganisms. The invention also relates to a method for producing a preparation for cleaning contaminated liquids and surfaces. Likewise, the invention relates to a method for cleaning contaminated liquids and surfaces.

The invention relates to a generator and its operation and use for generating toroidal and spatial vortices in a liquid. It comprises a rotationally symmetrical stator housing with an inlet opening and an eccentric outlet opening. It further comprises a rotor rotatably arranged in the stator housing with radially outwardly extending channels in constant fluid connection to the inlet opening. The rotor comprises a rotor disc, radially outside of the rotor with a side surface with inner notches in fluid connection to the rotor channels. The stator housing comprises a stator disc comprising a side surface with stator notches. When these notches face each other due to rotation of the rotor disc, a periodical liquid flow from the inner notches to the stator notches is formed and toroidal vortices are generated in the portioned liquid by shear stress as the portions of liquid move back and forth in the notches.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel with a main chamber, comprises inlets for feedstock, a fluidizing medium and reactants. The UCP further includes a reactive X-ray chemical processor (RXCP) having a large area hollow cylindrical cold cathode in the main chamber, a grid positioned concentrically with respect to the cathode, and an anode positioned concentrically with respect to the cathode and grid. In operation, when activated, the cathode of the RXCP emits electrodes onto the anode, which then emits X-rays into a radiation zone within the main chamber capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing organic materials within the radiation zone, and wherein, a fluidized bed is supported in the main chamber when the fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied. The RXCP and the fluidized bed portions can be operated separately or in conjunction to achieve unanticipated results.

A DNA complex includes a carrier and DNA immobilized on the carrier. 80% or more by mass of the DNA is single-stranded DNA, the DNA has an average molecular weight of 500,000 or less, and the DNA content is more than 15% by mass and 50% or less by mass of the DNA complex. The carrier contains an inorganic material. The DNA complex has an average particle size of 10 μm or more.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel with a main chamber, comprises inlets for feedstock, a fluidizing medium and reactants. The UCP further includes a reactive X-ray chemical processor (RXCP) having a large area hollow cylindrical cold cathode in the main chamber, a grid positioned concentrically with respect to the cathode, and an anode positioned concentrically with respect to the cathode and grid. In operation, when activated, the cathode of the RXCP emits electrodes onto the anode, which then emits X-rays into a radiation zone within the main chamber capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing organic materials within the radiation zone, and wherein, a fluidized bed is supported in the main chamber when the fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied. The RXCP and the fluidized bed portions can be operated separately or in conjunction to achieve unanticipated results.

Compositions are provided for efficient uranium extraction, for example from wastewater, seawater, or other water sources. The compositions can include a functionalized porous organic polymer functionalized with one or more uranium binding moieties, e.g. having a plurality of amidoxime or amidrazone groups covalently attached thereto. The compositions can include covalent organic frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, and various porous organic polymers, especially those having a hierarchical pore size distribution over a range of pore sizes. The compositions can have functional groups such as amidoxime or an amidrazone covalently attached thereto. The hierarchical pore size distribution can be determined based upon at least 60% of the pore sizes in the range of pore sizes having a pore volume of at least 0.01 cm.sup.3 g.sup.−1 in the pore size distribution at 77 K. Methods of making the compositions and methods of using the compositions are also provided.

A method of evaporating a fluid is provided. The method comprises forming a flow with toroidal vortices in the fluid, such that the fluid is exposed to alternating flow velocities and alternating pressures, thereby increasing evaporation of the fluid. A method of precipitating salt out of an aqueous solution is also provided. The method comprises forming a flow with toroidal vortices in the aqueous solution, such that the aqueous solution is exposed to alternating flow velocities and alternating pressures, thereby initiating precipitation of salts from the solution.