The present disclosure relates to a capacitive deionization (CDI) system for desalinating salt water. The system may have a capacitor formed by spaced apart first and second electrodes, which enable a fluid flow containing salt water to pass either between them or through them. An input electrical power source is configured to generate an electrical forcing signal between the two electrodes. The electrical forcing signal represents a periodic signal including at least one of voltage or current, and which can be represented as a Fourier series. One component of the Fourier series is a constant, and a second component of the Fourier series is a sinusoidal wave of non-zero frequency which has the highest amplitude of the additive components of the Fourier series. The amplitude of the sinusoidal wave component is between 0.85 and 1.25 times the amplitude of the periodic signal.

A plasma electrode module, an underwater plasma discharge device including the plasma electrode module, and a water treatment system are provided. The plasma electrode module includes a conductive substrate including a plurality of holes, a ceramic layer surrounding a portion of the outer surface of the conductive substrate, and a plasma electrode disposed in each of the plurality of holes, wherein the plasma electrode has a multilayer structure in which a cylindrical ground portion, a fixed portion, and a discharge portion are sequentially stacked, the ground portion is in contact with the conductive substrate and plasma is generated on the discharge portion, and each of the plurality of holes has a diameter in a range of 1 mm to 10 mm.

Electrochemical removal of chemical products in seawater, or other aqueous environments, resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is described.

Tandem electrodialysis (ED) cell systems and methods for using the tandem ED cell systems to extract and recover ions from ion-containing solutions are provided. The tandem ED cell systems are composed of ion-extraction and ion-recovery ED cells. A redox couple contained in the anolyte of the ion-extraction ED cell is different from a redox couple contained in the catholyte of the ion-extraction ED cell. The electrode reactions in the ion-extraction ED cell are reversed in the ion-recovery ED cell, with the anolyte and catholyte of the two ED cells swapped and continuously circulated. As a result, the redox species in the anolyte and catholyte of the two cells are never depleted, which allows for achieving ion extraction and ion recovery with the use of a minimal amount of the redox couples.

The present invention relates to a carbon based electrode with a large geometrical surface area comprising a frame of an electrically conductive material with several cut-outs with a surface area, which cut-outs are separated from each other by portions of the conductive material, wherein carbon based sub-electrodes dimensioned so as to a least cover the surface area of the cut-outs are positioned in the cut-outs and conductively connected to at least part of each of the portions of the conductive material adjacent to the carbon based sub-electrodes.

A capacitive adsorption module assembly is proposed. The capacitive adsorption module assembly includes a plurality of capacitive adsorption modules, each having a disk-shaped spacer configured to form a flow path through which feed flows, a cation exchange membrane attached to any one of an upper surface and a lower surface of the spacer, a first electrode attached to the cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane attached to the other of the upper surface and the lower surface of the spacer, and a second electrode attached to the anion exchange membrane, wherein the capacitive adsorption modules are vertically stacked such that adjacent capacitive adsorption modules share or contact the first electrode or the second electrode, and at least one first terminal and second terminal passing through the stacked modules being provided, wherein the first terminal is electrically connected to the first electrode of an odd-numbered module, and the second terminal is electrically connected to the second electrode of an even-numbered module.

A bipolar capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode includes a circular current collector having a central hole and inner and outer circumferential surfaces; a nano-carbon coating layer formed on at least top and bottom surfaces of the circular current collector; and a hydrophobic polymer coating layer respectively disposed over the inner and outer circumferential surfaces of the current collector. Maintenance and management is facilitated by a bipolar CDI electrode module configured such that individual parts are formed to be removably attached. A water treatment apparatus including the bipolar CDI electrode module exhibits high water treatment efficiency, superior long-term stability, and easy maintenance and management, while solving terminal corrosion problems due to the formation of a hydrophobic polymer coating layer on the surface of an electrode terminal.

Provided is a method of forming a filter module. The method includes: forming a non-pore ion-exchange membrane including: preparing a mixed solution of a polymer material and an ion-exchange material; and electrospraying the mixed solution to obtain the non-pore ion-exchange membrane; and interposing the non-pore ion-exchange membrane between a first polymer nanofiber web and a second polymer nanofiber web to form the filter module.

A water treatment process that includes associating the water treatment process with an offshore operation; receiving a treated water stream comprising floc into a flotation vessel. The process further includes injecting an injection stream into the flotation vessel to interact with the treated water stream and removing floc from the treated water stream to form a secondary treated water stream.

Disclosed are activated carbon electrodes fabricated according to a pore mouth diameter mixture profile that is optimized for a given electrochemical application. In a given pore mouth diameter mixture profile, the pore mouth diameter and conductivity of activated carbon are tightly controlled and provide unexpected long-term charging/discharging (aka cycling) performance. A given pore mouth diameter mixture profile optimizes a mixture of pore mouth diameters for a given electrochemical application, such as energy storage, desalination, deionization, hydrolysis, and dialysis, inter alia.