The present invention relates to a method for increasing the magnesium ion concentration of feed water. The method comprises the steps of providing an inlet flow of feed water (Q.sub.IN), increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in said inlet flow Q.sub.IN to obtain a flow of carbon dioxide-containing feed water (Q.sub.CO2), and passing said flow Q.sub.CO2 through a solid bed comprising a magnesium ion source to obtain an outlet flow of treated water (Q.sub.OUT) having an increased concentration of magnesium ions. The invention further relates to a water treatment system for increasing the magnesium ion concentration of feed water and a corresponding flow reactor.

A method for determining an optimal dose of coagulant for raw water includes a step of determining a value, for the raw water, of a first organic parameter; a step of determining a value, for the raw water, of a second mineral parameter; a step of determining a class of water for the raw water, characterized by the value of the first organic parameter and the value of the second mineral parameter; a step of determining a value, for the raw water, of a third organic parameter; a step of defining a target value, for the clarified water, of the third organic parameter; a step of selecting a function between the third organic parameter and an added dose of coagulant, said function being selected for the class of water and for the value, for the raw water, of the third organic parameter; a step of using the function to determine a first dose of coagulant in order to reach the target value.

A process for treating frac flowback that contains barium, naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and hardness for minimizing the amount of sludge produced that contains hazardous levels of NORM by employing a dual stage precipitation process. In the first stage a sulfate source is mixed with the frac flowback and barium sulfate and NORM is precipitated, the frac flowback is subjected to a solids-liquid separation process to produce a first effluent and a first sludge. In the second stage hardness is precipitated from the first effluent by addition of an alkali reagent, said first effluent is also subjected to solids-liquid separation producing a second effluent and a second sludge. The first sludge is recycled and mixed with the frac flowback and the sulfate source in a sufficient amount to maintain the NORM concentration in the second sludge at or below a threshold level.

A computer-implemented method includes controlling an instrument to measure a fluorescence emission spectrum of a sample including a first peak emission wavelength and at least a second peak emission wavelength, emitted in response to an excitation wavelength and controlling the instrument to measure an absorbance obtained at the excitation wavelength of the sample. The method may include determining, using the computer, a ratio of the measurements at either the second peak emission wavelength, or a sum of measurements at a plurality of peak emission wavelengths including at least the first peak emission wavelength and the second peak emission wavelength, to the first peak emission wavelength, and calculating, using the computer, a value for a quality parameter based on a combination of at least the ratio and the absorbance measurement. The method may include controlling an associated process based on the quality parameter.

A chemical controller for an aquatic application comprising an output relay. The chemical controller further includes a current detection circuit configured to detect current on an output of the output relay and a current fault detection device configured to output a current fault signal when a current fault condition has occurred. A relay latch of the chemical controller receives the relay enable signal and the current fault signal and decouples the relay enable signal from a corresponding output when a current fault condition has occurred. A relay drive circuit receives a signal from the corresponding output to responsively activate and deactivate the output relay. A watchdog timer circuit causes the output relay to be deactivated in response to detecting a hung processor.

A method and system to significantly reduce odor emissions caused by ammonia and other noxious gasses and reduce nitrogen levels in animal husbandry wastewater effectively and efficiently by the use of flush water that has been biochemically conditioned to lower the pH thus reducing the level of un-ionized compounds including NH.sub.3 which can volatilize into the atmosphere and which method and system can also be used to remove ammonia and nitrogen from the wastewater system. The present disclosure includes the use of flush water that has been biochemically conditioned to lower its pH thus sequestering non-ionized ammonia from being released from a liquid as ammonia gas. This disclosure relates to the new use of nitrification for biochemical conditioning of wastewater for use as flush water to reduce atmospheric ammonia emissions.

A water purification system provides clean water for the consumption by livestock by using a continuously recirculating water loop. A circulating pump moves the water within the water loop in a flow direction. A particle filter system is fluidically connected in series and removes dissolved solids or particulates within the water. An ozone purification system and/or with the addition of other antimicrobial or purification agents is fluidically connected in parallel to a portion of the continuously recirculating feedback monitored and control water loop. The ozone purification system is disposed downstream of the particle filter system in relation to the flow direction. A feeding station is connected in series with the continuously recirculating water loop disposed downstream of the ozone purification system in relation to the flow direction. An alkaline water apparatus is disposed upstream of the ozone purification unit, connected either before or in parallel to the ozone purification system.

The invention pertains to a method of optimizing the chemical precipitations process in water treatment plants and waste water treatment plants using an aluminum based coagulant, wherein the optimization, which comprises the degree of contamination of the Clear water phase after precipitation and sludge separation, cost of operation and sludge production, is obtained by in situ regulation, of precipitation pH, amount of coagulant that is used in the precipitation process and the basicity of the coagulant, based at least on online measurement of degree of contamination, pH, flow and temperature of incoming untreated water and/or in the clear water phase, characterized in that the basicity of the coagulant is regulated by adding in situ, to a stock solution of polymerized aluminum based coagulant (A), acid or a solution of an aluminum based coagulant (B) having a lower basicity than the polymerized aluminum based coagulant (A) in the stock solution.

A method for determining a concentration of a chemical of interest in a recirculating analyte system includes the steps of selecting a first indicator threshold, measuring the flow rate of the recirculating analyte system, controllably adding a known amount of reagent to the recirculating analyte system at an known flow rate, repetitively measuring an indicator of the recirculating analyte system downstream from the addition of the reagent, and computing the concentration of the chemical of interest of the recirculating analyte system when the indicator measurement crosses the indicator threshold.

To provide method and apparatus for producing alkaline water, capable of preventing mixture of fine particles derived from a gas dissolving membrane device into hydrogen water. An apparatus for producing alkaline water for cleaning electronic device includes: a pH adjusting device 11 configured to adjust ultrapure water to be alkaline; a deaeration device 13 configured to deaerate the ultrapure water adjusted to be alkaline; and a gas dissolving membrane device 14 having a gas permeable membrane to dissolve functional gas into the deaerated ultrapure water.