The present invention concerns a process for treating water and the use of calcium carbonate in such a process. In particular, the present invention is directed to a process for remineralization of water comprising the steps of providing feed water, providing an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate, wherein the aqueous solution of calcium carbonate comprises dissolved calcium carbonate and reaction species thereof, and combining the feed water and the aqueous calcium carbonate solution.

The disclosure relates to methods, systems, and apparatus configured to manage a filtration media bed and apparatuses associated therewith. Information associated with the detection of an amount of one or more target contaminates present in a gas phase or liquid phase in a filtration operation can be provided. One or more target contaminates can be removed from a gas or liquid phase traveling in and through the system via a media bed material. The filtration system media bed arrangement can include a plurality of media bed zones. Sensors or sensor arrangements can detect an amount of target contaminate that has flowed through the filtration apparatus over a period of time vis a vis one or more media bed zones. Condition states for each of the media bed zones or the entirety of a media bed arrangement can be generated to better ensure effective target contaminant removal over time.

A system and method for reducing water-hardness and carbon capture in wastewater under hypergravity are provided and include a wastewater mixing tank and a supergravity reactor. The wastewater mixing tank is connected to a wastewater source. Wastewater of the wastewater source contains metal ions and has a first hardness level. The wastewater mixing tank is configured to mix the wastewater and an alkaline liquid to adjust the pH value of the wastewater to be alkaline and form a first mixed wastewater. The hypergravity reactor is connected to the wastewater mixing tank and introduce a gas having a first carbon dioxide concentration. The hypergravity reactor mixes the gas and the mixed wastewater at a flow ratio of 30-400:1. The mixed wastewater and the gas react to generate recycled metal salts, an alkaline recycled liquid, and a treated gas.

The disclosure relates to methods, systems, and apparatus configured to manage a filtration media bed and apparatuses associated therewith. Information associated with the detection of an amount of one or more target contaminates present in a gas phase or liquid phase in a filtration operation can be provided. One or more target contaminates can be removed from a gas or liquid phase traveling in and through the system via a media bed material. The filtration system media bed arrangement can include a plurality of media bed zones. Sensors or sensor arrangements can detect an amount of target contaminate that has flowed through the filtration apparatus over a period of time vis a vis one or more media bed zones. Condition states for each of the media bed zones or the entirety of a media bed arrangement can be generated to better ensure effective target contaminant removal over time.

Systems and methods for removing metal cation impurities such as alkaline earth metal cations via exposure to captured carbon dioxide are generally described. The captured carbon dioxide, which may be in the form of dissolved carbonate anions, may induce the formation of solid alkaline earth metal (e.g., as a precipitated salt), thereby removing a relatively high percentage of dissolved alkaline earth metals. The carbon dioxide may be captured in a gas-liquid contact vessel and then transferred to a component of the system where metal cation impurity removal is performed. The systems and methods can be useful for treating (or pre-treating) liquid streams such as brines or wastewaters and/or for softening liquid streams.

A recirculating aquaculture system for producing aquatic species suitable for human consumption includes: a culture tank providing habitat for a selected aquatic species; a plurality of subsystems in communication with the culture tank and configured to recirculate and treat water within the system, the plurality of subsystems comprising: a solids control subsystem for removing particulates in the water, a recirculating pump subsystem for recirculating water within the system, an aeration/stripping subsystem for contacting air and water to strip carbon dioxide out of the water and into the air, a pH control subsystem to maintain the alkalinity of the water, an oxygenation subsystem for providing oxygen to the water, and an optional ozonation subsystem for providing ozone to the water; and wherein the water comprises iron cations at a concentration of at least about 0.1 ppm. Methods of maintaining the recirculating aquaculture system are also described.

A system and method for producing and purifying alkalinity for addition to a body of water for decreasing the CO.sub.2 burden of an atmosphere that is in contact with a body of water using an alkaline mass to increase dissolved alkalinity of the body of water without increasing the concentration of undesirable metals to undesirable levels in the body of water may include chemically characterizing the alkaline mass, contacting the alkaline mass with a volume of water, leaching the alkaline mass with the volume of water to form an alkaline leachate, maintaining in solid form or precipitating the undesirable metals from the alkaline leachate to form a purified alkaline leachate, and adding the purified alkaline leachate to the body of water.

The object of the invention is to achieve a more efficient and complete mix between a liquid and gas by means of a system comprising 4 components in order to carry out a reaction or mixing process that improves the contact, and as a result, the reaction or mixing between a liquid and a gas, followed by a recovery stage of the gas that does not react during the reaction or formation of said mixture. This gas is recycled to the reaction or mixing zone, permitting the improvement of the efficiency and the cost of the reaction or mixing process between the liquid and the gas.

Provided is a technique capable of efficiently removing nitrogen contained in water to be treated and efficiently recovering microplastics from the water to be treated. An aspect of the present invention is a water treatment system 10 including an aquaculture tank 20 and a water treatment tank 30. Aquatic organisms are cultivated in the aquaculture tank 20. In the water treatment tank 30, algae having a microplastic adsorption and recovery ability grow in the water to be treated introduced from the aquaculture tank 20. The microplastics contained in the water to be treated are recovered, and the nitrogen compounds contained in the water to be treated are removed, by the algae.

The present disclosure relates, in part, to enhanced weathering systems and/or apparatuses and methods of use thereof. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of at least partially sequestering CO.sub.2 from an influent aqueous solution comprising aqueous and/or gaseous CO.sub.2. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of at least partially sequestering CO.sub.2 from a gaseous CO.sub.2 source. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides systems and/or apparatuses suitable for use in the methods described herein. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of optimizing the design and operation of a system for at least partial sequestration of CO.sub.2 from a water source.