A system for producing desalinated water from seawater or other saline water, wherein the system comprises the following equipment features or equipment items, in a typical direction of flow: a subsea seawater inlet, a subsea pretreatment stage, at least comprising one or more of a subsea filter and/or a subsea seawater pre-treatment unit and/or a subsea coarse screen unit, and/or a hydrocyclone, a subsea feed pump, fluidly coupled to, a subsea RO unit, a subsea product pump fluidly coupled to a RO unit product outlet, a product line fluidly coupled to the subsea product pump, and a RO unit reject outlet, preferably coupled to a reject line. The system is distinctive in that: the subsea seawater inlet is at a depth below or within the thermocline layer of the seawater, that is below the epipelagic zone, or as close as feasible if the local depth is insufficient to reach the thermocline layer, and wherein the system preferably is without any barrier fluid supply to the subsea pumps.

A solution for irradiating a flowing fluid through a channel with ultraviolet radiation is provided. Ultraviolet radiation sources can be located within the channel in order to direct ultraviolet radiation towards the flowing fluid and/or the interior of the channel. A valve can be located adjacent to the channel to control the flow rate of the fluid. A control system can control and adjust the ultraviolet radiation based on the flow rate of the fluid and a user input component can receive a user input for the control system to adjust the ultraviolet radiation. The ultraviolet radiation sources, the control system, the user input component, and any other components that require electricity can receive power from a rechargeable power supply. An electrical generator located within the channel can convert energy from the fluid flowing through the channel into electricity for charging the rechargeable power supply.

The present invention generally relates to an x-ray source and specifically to an x-ray source suitable for large area x-ray generation. The invention also relates to a system comprising such an x-ray source.

Described herein includes sample liquid purification apparatus, systems, and techniques of use. The purification apparatus generally can operate to reduce a temperature of a precursor liquid within a beverage machine or appliance. For example, a thermally conductive body can define a heat sink having a tortuous path for propagation of the precursor therethough, facilitating temperature reduction. The purification apparatus can further generally operate to sanitize or otherwise reduce a level of contaminants in the precursor liquid. For example, an energy source, such as a light emitting diode, can be arranged or integrated with the thermally conductive body to emit ultraviolet radiation toward the precursor liquid within the thermally conductive body.

Apparatus for controlling algae and bio-organisms in bodies of fluids, such as water. The algae control system includes a power unit and a transducer unit that includes a sonic head that radiates in multiple directions. The power unit connects to various power sources, including a mains supply connection, a solar panel array, and/or a battery. The power unit is electrically connected to the transducer unit. The sonic head includes a driver and a transducer subassembly. The driver excites the transducer subassembly to emit ultrasonic waves at various frequencies in the water surrounding the sonic head. Emissions at a high density of frequencies are enabled by the transducers. The frequencies include the critical structural resonant frequency for each microorganism to be controlled. The power unit and driver each include a processor in communication with each other. The processors store and execute a program for a selected application configuration.

A process for monitoring the concentration of bacteria in the water of a water distribution network, wherein the process includes the following steps: measuring the concentration of bacteria in the water by means of a first sensor positioned at a first location in the water distribution network, determining a variable instantaneous value of the expected concentration of bacteria in the water at the first location as a function of a parameter characteristic of the water, comparing the concentration of bacteria in the water measured by the first sensor to the variable instantaneous value, corrective action acting on the concentration of bacteria in the water if the concentration of bacteria in the water measured by the first sensor exeeds the variable instantaneous value. A device for monitoring the concentration of bacteria in the water of a water distribution network is also provided.

Cell counting device A cell counting device and a method of using a cell counting device are disclosed. The cell counting device comprises a chamber for receiving a sample, at least one light source to emit light towards a section of the chamber. The section of the chamber comprises a sub-sample of the sample. The cell counting device also comprises a light detector to receive a light emitted from the section of the chamber and to generate an electronic signal associated with the received light, and a controller. The controller is configured to estimate the number of photoactive cells in the sample by calculating the distribution of variable fluorescence [F.sub.v] values of a predetermined number of sub-samples about the mean F.sub.v value.

Systems and methods for the detection and/or purification of bacteria contaminated water are disclosed. In an embodiment, a rapid, highly sensitive bacteria contaminated water detection and purification system is provided. A biosensor has a sensing region coupled between two terminals. The sensing region includes an oxidase enzyme immobilized on graphene. In the presence of bacteria respiration in contaminated water at the sensing region, a current is generated between the two terminals. A detector detects the generated current between the two terminals and generates a signal indicative of the presence of the bacteria in the contaminated water. A purification unit injects one or more fluids in the contaminated water to treat the contaminated water and obtain potable water. In one feature, bacteria associated with waterborne diseases can be detected rapidly with high sensitivity. In further embodiments, a handheld mobile system and array of biosensor devices are provided.

The present application relates to an innovative and optimized method and system for maintaining water quality in water bodies such as excavated inland structures and floating structures with bottoms comprising flexible membranes, using a simplified economic filtration system and degreasing system that requires much smaller filtration equipment than conventional centralized filtration systems and provides for consumption of significantly lower amounts of energy. The method of the invention allows activating a chemical application system, mobile suctioning device, and/or degreasing system based on information regarding turbidity, the color of the bottom of the water body, and amount of greases on the surface water layer of the water body, to adjust the water quality parameters within their limits.

Methods of removing dioxane and optionally one or more CAHs such as 1,1-DCE, cis-1,2-DCE, trans-1,2-DCE, 1,2-DCA, 1,1-DCA, VC, and TCE from a liquid medium contaminated therewith include applying a feedstream of propane to the liquid medium in the presence of at least one propanotrophic bacteria strain selected from Azoarcus sp. DD4 (DD4) and Mycobacterium sp. DT1 (DT1). Propane, 1-propanol and/or 1-butanol may be employed as substrates in the bioaugmentation of the propanotrophic bacteria strain.