The present disclosure discloses a lithium-tellurium silicon-lead bismuth multi-component glass-oxide-complex system and conductive paste containing same, belonging to the technical field of solar cells. According to the present disclosure, a “functional modularization” strategy is adopted in a formula design of the glass-oxide-complex system, and glass oxide systems with selective reactivity for different passivation layers are compounded based on the structures, compositions and thicknesses of the passivation layers, so that a paste formula is developed, which is composed of lithium-containing, tellurium-silicon-containing and lead-containing glass oxides. Due to adoption of the modularized formula strategy, active ingredients can be better controlled, and the overall paste formula is more optimized, so that the laminated passivation layers can be selectively burned through to obtain a more balanced contact, and better battery performance on silicon wafers with different passivation layer thicknesses can be achieved, thus achieving excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.

An optical fibre including a core region defined along a central longitudinal axis of the optical fibre and a cladding region concentrically surrounds the core region of the optical fibre. In particular, the core region has a first radius r.sub.1 and a first refractive index n.sub.1. Moreover, the cladding has a second radius r.sub.2 and a second refractive index n.sub.2. Furthermore, the optical fibre has a step index profile.

A ceramic printing ink is provided that is suitable for application using an inkjet printing process to produce a coating on glass ceramics. The ink includes a glassy material of glass particles and pigment particles. The glass particles are present in a ratio of total weight to the pigment particles of at least 1.5 and less than 19. The glass particles have an equivalent diameter d.sub.90 ranging from at least 0.5 μm to at most 5 μm. The ink has an effective coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α.sub.20-300,eff, in a range from 6.5*10.sup.−6/K to 11*10.sup.−6/K.

Coated glass panes having a glass pane and a coating in at least one region of at least one side of the glass pane. The glass pane is composed of glass with SiO.sub.2 and B.sub.2O.sub.3. The coating includes first coating applied in at least one region of the at least one side. The first coating has a binder with SiO.sub.2 and a pigment. The glass pane, in the at least one region, has a flexural strength between at least 5 and at most 170 MPa.

Coated glass panes having a glass pane and a coating in at least one region of at least one side of the glass pane. The glass pane is composed of glass with SiO.sub.2 and B.sub.2O.sub.3. The coating includes first coating applied in at least one region of the at least one side. The first coating has a binder with SiO.sub.2 and a pigment. The glass pane, in the at least one region, has a flexural strength between at least 5 and at most 170 MPa.

Strengthened glass substrates with glass fits and methods for forming the same are disclosed. According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a glass frit with a coefficient of thermal expansion less than or equal to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass substrate where it is going to be painted. The glass frit of the present invention has similar ion exchange properties to the glass substrate that is going to be used to paint with the glass frit allowing the glass substrate to be ion-exchanged. The glass frit of the present invention is mixed with an organic carrier.

Bulk paint and ceramic powder systems, methods of forming same, and methods of forming a flexible ceramic coating on a metal substrate are disclosed. The systems may include a ceramic composition having between 2 to 30 weight percent of an alkali metal oxide, such as K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O or mixtures thereof, between 10 to 74 weight percent SiO.sub.2, and between 23 to 79 weight percent B.sub.2O.sub.3. Additives that are nonwetting with molten metals, such as boron nitride, provide durable coatings for metal processing operations. The ceramic composition may include less than 5 weight percent additional metal oxides. The bulk paint system further may include water and a cellulosic suspension agent to form a bulk paint. The ceramic powder system may be processed to form a uniform powder. The bulk paint or uniform powder may be applied to a metal substrate, such as a ferrous metal substrate, dried, and heated to form a flexible coating on the metal substrate.

Bulk paint and ceramic powder systems, methods of forming same, and methods of forming a flexible ceramic coating on a metal substrate are disclosed. The systems may include a ceramic composition having between 2 to 30 weight percent of an alkali metal oxide, such as K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O or mixtures thereof, between 10 to 74 weight percent SiO.sub.2, and between 23 to 79 weight percent B.sub.2O.sub.3. Additives that are nonwetting with molten metals, such as boron nitride, provide durable coatings for metal processing operations. The ceramic composition may include less than 5 weight percent additional metal oxides. The bulk paint system further may include water and a cellulosic suspension agent to form a bulk paint. The ceramic powder system may be processed to form a uniform powder. The bulk paint or uniform powder may be applied to a metal substrate, such as a ferrous metal substrate, dried, and heated to form a flexible coating on the metal substrate.

A composition for enamel may include 20 to 45 wt % of SiO.sub.2; 1 to 15 wt % of B.sub.2O.sub.3, 10 to 20 wt % of one or more of Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O, 1 to 5 wt % of NaF, 1 to 10 wt % of ZnO, 5 to 15 wt % of TiO.sub.2, 3 to 7 wt % of MoO.sub.3; 5 to 15 wt % of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, 1 to 5 wt % of CeO.sub.2, and 1 to 10 wt % of one or more of MnO.sub.2, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, and Co.sub.3O.sub.4. The composition may be used to coat a cooking appliance for easy removal of contaminants at room temperature.

A composition for enamel may include 20 to 45 wt % of SiO.sub.2; 1 to 15 wt % of B.sub.2O.sub.3, 10 to 20 wt % of one or more of Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O, 1 to 5 wt % of NaF, 1 to 10 wt % of ZnO, 5 to 15 wt % of TiO.sub.2, 3 to 7 wt % of MoO.sub.3; 5 to 15 wt % of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, 1 to 5 wt % of CeO.sub.2, and 1 to 10 wt % of one or more of MnO.sub.2, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, and Co.sub.3O.sub.4. The composition may be used to coat a cooking appliance for easy removal of contaminants at room temperature.