The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.

This invention relates to dosage forms for the delivery of drugs across the oral mucosa having improved transmucosal permeability. More specifically, the invention relates to an oral transmucosal dosage form comprising a primary vehicle comprising a crystallization inhibition agent (CIA) system and a drug, and a secondary vehicle. It also relates to methods of designing and making this dosage form, methods of administering this dosage form and methods of packaging the dosage forms.

This invention relates to dosage forms for the delivery of drugs across the oral mucosa having improved transmucosal permeability. More specifically, the invention relates to an oral transmucosal dosage form comprising a primary vehicle comprising a crystallization inhibition agent (CIA) system and a drug, and a secondary vehicle. It also relates to methods of designing and making this dosage form, methods of administering this dosage form and methods of packaging the dosage forms.

Provided is an alkyldiphenylmethane protective agent, which can prevent solidification or insolubilization of a compound by protecting a functional group of the compound to achieve easy separation and purification after a reaction.

An alkyldiphenylmethane compound represented by general formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein Y represents OR.sup.19 (wherein R.sup.19 represents a hydrogen atom or an active ester-type protecting group), NHR.sup.20 (wherein R.sup.20 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group, or an aralkyl group), isocyanate group, an azide group, or a halogen atom, Z represents a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 represents a group represented by formula (2):

OR.sup.11X-A(2)

and the others each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-4 alkoxy group; R.sup.11 represents a C.sub.1-16 linear or branched alkylene group; X represents O or CONR.sup.21 (wherein R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group); and A represents, for example, a group represented by formula (3):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.12, R.sup.13, and R.sup.14 may be the same or different and each independently represent a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; R.sup.15 represents a single bond or a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group; and R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.18 each independently represent a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group.

Provided is an alkyldiphenylmethane protective agent, which can prevent solidification or insolubilization of a compound by protecting a functional group of the compound to achieve easy separation and purification after a reaction.

An alkyldiphenylmethane compound represented by general formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein Y represents OR.sup.19 (wherein R.sup.19 represents a hydrogen atom or an active ester-type protecting group), NHR.sup.20 (wherein R.sup.20 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group, or an aralkyl group), isocyanate group, an azide group, or a halogen atom, Z represents a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 represents a group represented by formula (2):

OR.sup.11X-A(2)

and the others each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-4 alkoxy group; R.sup.11 represents a C.sub.1-16 linear or branched alkylene group; X represents O or CONR.sup.21 (wherein R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group); and A represents, for example, a group represented by formula (3):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.12, R.sup.13, and R.sup.14 may be the same or different and each independently represent a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; R.sup.15 represents a single bond or a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group; and R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.18 each independently represent a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group.

The invention relates to aluminium vessels containing dicarbonic diesters and to a method for producing the packaged dicarbonic diesters.

The present invention relates to a method for producing an aldehyde by a hydroformylation reaction of reacting an olefin with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a Group 8 to 10 metal-phosphine complex catalyst, including the following steps (1) and (2): (1) a step of oxidizing by withdrawing a reaction solution having accumulated therein a high-boiling-point byproduct from a reaction zone and bringing the withdrawn reaction solution into contact with an oxygen-containing gas, and (2) a step of, after the step (1), mixing a poor solvent and hydrogen with the reaction solution, then crystallizing the Group 8 to 10 metal-phosphine complex catalyst by crystallization, and recovering the crystallized complex catalyst from the reaction solution.

The present invention relates to a method for producing an aldehyde by a hydroformylation reaction of reacting an olefin with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a Group 8 to 10 metal-phosphine complex catalyst, including the following steps (1) and (2): (1) a step of oxidizing by withdrawing a reaction solution having accumulated therein a high-boiling-point byproduct from a reaction zone and bringing the withdrawn reaction solution into contact with an oxygen-containing gas, and (2) a step of, after the step (1), mixing a poor solvent and hydrogen with the reaction solution, then crystallizing the Group 8 to 10 metal-phosphine complex catalyst by crystallization, and recovering the crystallized complex catalyst from the reaction solution.

The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.