Described herein are the depositions of conductive metallic films on a surface which contains topography. The deposition uses a metallic precursor comprises a neutral (uncharged) metal compound in which the metal atom is in the zerovalent state and stabilized by ligands which are stable as uncharged, volatile species.

A solid-supported Pd catalyst is suitable for CC bond formation, e.g., via Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions, with a support that is reusable, cost-efficient, regioselective, and naturally available. Such catalysts may contain Pd nanoparticles on jute plant sticks (GS), i.e., Pd@GS, and may be formed by reducing, e.g., K.sub.2PdCl.sub.4 with NaBH.sub.4 in water, and then used this as a dip catalyst. The dip catalyst can catalyze Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross coupling-reactions in water. The catalysts may have a homogeneous distribution of Pd nanoparticles with average dimensions, e.g., within a range of 7 to 10 nm on the solid support. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions may achieve conversions of, e.g., 97% with TOFs around 4692 h.sup.?1, Mizoroki-Heck reactions with conversions of, e.g., a 98% and TOFs of 237 h.sup.?1, while the same catalyst sample may be used for 7 consecutive cycles, i.e., without addition of any fresh catalyst.

A solid-supported Pd catalyst is suitable for CC bond formation, e.g., via Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions, with a support that is reusable, cost-efficient, regioselective, and naturally available. Such catalysts may contain Pd nanoparticles on jute plant sticks (GS), i.e., Pd@GS, and may be formed by reducing, e.g., K.sub.2PdCl.sub.4 with NaBH.sub.4 in water, and then used this as a dip catalyst. The dip catalyst can catalyze Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross coupling-reactions in water. The catalysts may have a homogeneous distribution of Pd nanoparticles with average dimensions, e.g., within a range of 7 to 10 nm on the solid support. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions may achieve conversions of, e.g., 97% with TOFs around 4692 h.sup.?1, Mizoroki-Heck reactions with conversions of, e.g., a 98% and TOFs of 237 h.sup.?1, while the same catalyst sample may be used for 7 consecutive cycles, i.e., without addition of any fresh catalyst.

The present invention pertains to new methods for generating energy and useful nitrogen compounds from captured carbon dioxide. It involves employing an osmotic engine, draw solution, and feed solution. An osmotic gradient between the solutions assists in generating energy and a solution of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate or mixture thereof. This solution may be decomposed to form ammonia, carbon dioxide, a precipitate, or a mixture thereof.

Disclosed is a SAPO-34 molecular sieve having platelet morphology with the smallest dimension on the order of a few nanometers. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins. These methods and systems have been shown to have maximum combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene of at least 90% or ranging from 90% to 98%.

Disclosed is a SAPO-34 molecular sieve having platelet morphology with the smallest dimension on the order of a few nanometers. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins. These methods and systems have been shown to have maximum combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene of at least 90% or ranging from 90% to 98%.

Disclosed are methods of producing SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 molecular sieves having nano-crystal morphology and optionally a hierarchical structure. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins.

Disclosed are methods of producing SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 molecular sieves having nano-crystal morphology and optionally a hierarchical structure. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins.

Disclosed are methods of producing SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 molecular sieves having nano-crystal morphology and optionally a hierarchical structure. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins.

The present invention refers to a process making use of a radical initiator system comprising peroxy compounds, in particular peroxyketals, in the presence of an acid catalyst to initiate radical processes at low temperature, such as room temperature and below.