SYNTHESIS OF PLATE-LIKE SAPO-34 CRYSTALS

Abstract

Disclosed is a SAPO-34 molecular sieve having platelet morphology with the smallest dimension on the order of a few nanometers. Also disclosed are methods and systems of using said molecular sieve for catalyzing the reaction of alkyl halides to light olefins. These methods and systems have been shown to have maximum combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene of at least 90% or ranging from 90% to 98%.

Claims

1. A silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-34 molecular sieve comprising SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve has platelet morphology and the thickness of the platelet is less than 20 nm.

2. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 1, wherein the synthesis molar ratio of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5 is 0.6:1:1.

3. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 1, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve has been templated from a tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) under hydrothermal conditions.

4. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 1, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve does not have a spherical morphology, a flower morphology, or a cubic morphology.

5. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 1, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve is capable of converting an alkyl halide to an olefin.

6. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 5, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve has greater alkyl halide conversion as compared to 0.2 to 4 micron SAPO-34 molecular sieve cubic particles.

7. The SAPO-34 molecular sieve of claim 6, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve initial alkyl halide conversion is least 80%.

8. A method for converting an alkyl halide to an olefin, the method comprising contacting a SAPO-34 catalyst with a feed comprising an alkyl halide under reaction conditions sufficient to produce an olefin hydrocarbon product comprising C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins, wherein the SAPO-34 molecular sieve catalyst has a platelet morphology and has been templated under hydrothermal conditions from a mixture comprising a quaternary ammonium salt.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium salt is tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEOH).

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the smallest dimension of the platelet is 20 nm.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the alkyl halide is methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl fluoride, or methyl iodide, or any combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the molecular sieve has greater alkyl halide conversion as compared to 0.2 to 4 micron SAPO-34 molecular sieve cubic particles.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the maximum selectivity of ethylene is 50% to 60% and the maximum selectivity of propylene is 35% to 45%. wherein the maximum combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene is at least 70%, wherein the maximum combined space time yield of ethylene and propylene is at least 1/hr or 1/hr to 3/hr, and/or wherein the maximum conversion of alkyl halide is at least 65% or 70% to 80%.

14. The method of claim 8, wherein the reaction conditions include a temperature from 300 C. to 500 C., a pressure of 5 atm or less, and a weighted hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 0.5 to 10 h.sup.1.

15. A method for preparing a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-34 molecular sieve of claim 1, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a mixture comprising water, an aluminum source, a silicon source, a phosphorous source, and a templating agent, wherein the templating agent comprises a quaternary ammonium salt; (b) treating the mixture to a temperature of 150 C. to 170 C. under autogenous pressure to obtain a crystalline material; and (c) removing the templating agent from the crystalline material to obtain the SAPO-34 molecular sieve.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the mixture in (a) has a molar composition of:
aR:bSiO.sub.2:cAl.sub.2O.sub.3:dP.sub.2O.sub.5:eH.sub.2O, where R is the templating agent, and a is 0-1, b is 0-1, c is 0-1, d is 0-1, and e is 30 to 80.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein a is 1, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 45.

18. The method claim 15, wherein the aluminum source is aluminum isopropoxide, the phosphorous source is phosphoric acid, and the silicon source is colloidal silica, fumed silica, or tetraethyl orthosilicate.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the templating agent further comprises tetraethylammonium hydroxide.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein step (b) is performed at a temperature of 140 C. to 160 C., step (c) comprises subjecting the crystalline material to a temperature of 500 C. to 600 C. for 3 hours to 10 hours, or both.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] FIGS. 1A and 1B depict illustrations of various chemicals and products that can be produced from ethylene (FIG. 1A) and propylene (FIG. 1B).

[0030] FIG. 2 depicts a system for producing olefins from alkyl halides using the catalyst of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 3 shows scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the SAPO-34 molecular sieve of the current invention at 2000, 5000, 10000, and 30000 magnifications.

[0032] FIG. 4 shows scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of a conventionally prepared SAPO-34 molecular sieve at 10000 and 30000 magnifications.

[0033] FIG. 5 shows graphical data for chloromethane conversion (y axis) and time of stream (x axis) comparing the SAPO-34 molecular sieve of the current invention with a conventionally prepared SAPO-34 molecular sieve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] SAPO catalysts have an open microporous structure with regularly sized channels, pores or cages. These materials are sometimes referred to as molecular sieves in that they have the ability to sort molecules or ions based primarily on the size of the molecules or ions. SAPO materials are both microporous and crystalline and have a three-dimensional crystal framework of PO.sub.4.sup.+, AlO.sub.4.sup. and SiO.sub.4 tetrahedra. Among developed catalysts, silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34 molecular sieve having 8-membered ring pore sizes of 0.43-0.50 nm, relatively mild acidity, and good thermal/hydrothermal stability, is recognized as a good catalyst for methanol to olefin (MTO) reactions. The catalysts, however, when used in an alkyl halide to olefin reaction suffer from low activity. These MTO and alkyl halide to olefin catalysts have cubic or spherical crystal morphology, which can limit the diffusion of the molecules out of the catalyst. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believe that slow intraparticle diffusion can lead to polymerization or homologation of the light olefins, coking of the catalyst, and/or deactivation of the catalyst.

[0035] A discovery has been made to produce a SAPO-34 catalyst with small dimensions that aid in minimizing the diffusion path of the reactants and products in and out of the crystal, respectively. Such a discovery is premised on a SAPA-34 molecular sieve (e.g., SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5) having a platelet morphology with a thickness less than 20 nm. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that such properties of the catalyst reduce the diffusion path. Furthermore, methods and systems for using the nano-platelet SAPO-34 molecular sieve for the production of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins from alkyl halides are also disclosed herein. Using these methods and systems, the maximum combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene is at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, or more preferably 90% to 98%.

[0036] These and other non-limiting aspects of the present invention are discussed in further detail in the following sections with reference to the Figures.

A. Nano-Platelet SAPO-34 Catalysts

[0037] The synthesis of SAPO-34 catalysts can involve multiple protocols and subtle changes in the preparative details, which can result in dramatic alteration in the physical and chemical properties of the final catalysts. Crystal morphology can resemble a wire, a particle, a sphere, a rod, a tetrapod, a hyper-branched structure, a tube, a cube, a plate, or mixtures thereof. The SAPO-34 catalysts of the present invention are prepared through an alteration of the synthetic recipe and parameters followed by hydrothermal conditions to crystallize the product catalyst. The result is an unexpected crystalline product having nano-platelet morphology with the smallest dimension of less than 20 nm. The nanoscale dimensions less than 20 nm include all dimensions between 0.1 and 20 nm, for instance 1, nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, or 19 nm, and all values in between. The crystals of the prepared SAPO-34 catalyst do not have a spherical, flower, or cubic morphology.

[0038] Generally, the SAPO-34 catalysts are prepared using a gel containing aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) compounds with structure-directing agents under crystallization conditions. Conventionally SAPO-34 catalysts are formed as 0.2 to 4 micron cubic particles. In one embodiment, the SAPO-34 catalysts with nano-platelet crystal morphology are prepared with SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and P.sub.2O.sub.5. The synthesis molar ratio of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5 can be 0.4:1:1, 0.45:1:1, 0:5:1:1, 0.55:1:1, 0.6:1:1, 0.65:1:1, 0.7:1:1, 0.75:1:1, 0.8:1:1, 0.6:0.8:1, 0.6:0.85, 0.6:0.9:1, 0.6:0.95:1, 0.6:1.1:1, 0.6:1.15:1, 0.6:1.2:1, 0.6:1:0.8, 0.6:1:0.85, 0.6:1:0.9, 0.6:1:0.95, 0.6:1:1.05, 0.6:1:1.1, 0.6:1:1.15, or 0.6:1:1.2. Preferably, the synthesis molar ratio of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5 is 0.6:1:1, templating with tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). In coordination chemistry, a template reaction is a ligand-based reaction that occurs between two or more adjacent coordination sites on a metal center. The addition of a structure-directing or template agent/ion effects the pre-organization provided by the coordination sphere and can results in significant modification of physical/chemical/electronic properties of the template complex formed. Examples of templating agents include organic amines such as tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH).

[0039] Non-limiting examples of making SAPO catalysts of the present invention are provided in the Examples section. Method of making the SAPO catalysts can include one or more steps that can be used in any order. By way of example, an aqueous mixture of an aluminum source, a silicon source, a phosphorous source, and a templating agent, (e.g., a quaternary ammonium salt) can be obtained. The aqueous mixture can be heated to a temperature of 130 C. to 190 C., preferably 150 C. to 170 C. under autogenous pressure to obtain a crystalline material. The mixture can be cooled, and the templating agent can be removed from the crystalline material to obtain the SAPO-34 molecular sieve having platelet morphology and the thickness of the platelet less than 20 nm. The synthesis mixture can have a general structure:

aR:bSiO.sub.2:cAl.sub.2O.sub.3:dP.sub.2O.sub.5:eH.sub.2O,

where R is the templating agent, and a is 0-1, b is 0-1, c is 0-1, d is 0-1, and e is 30 to 80. Specifically, the ratios of reactants can be a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.85, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.9, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.95, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 1, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 1.05, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 1.1, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 1.15, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 1.2, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.55, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.6, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.7, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.75, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.8, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 0.8, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 0.85, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 0.9, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 0.9, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 0.95, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1.05, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1.1, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1.15, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1.2, d is 1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 0.8, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 0.85, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 0.9, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 0.95, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1.05, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1.1, and e is 40-50; a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1.15, and e is 40-50; or a is 0.8, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1.2, and e is 40-50. In one instance, a is 1, b is 0.65, c is 1, d is 1, and e is 45. The aluminum source can be aluminium methoxide, aluminium ethoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, or aluminium tert-butoxide. The phosphorus source can be phosphoric acid. The silicon source can be colloidal silica, fumed silica, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, or tetraisopropyl orthosilicate. A non-limiting example, of a commercial source of the above mentioned aluminum, phosphorus, and silicon sources is Sigma Aldrich (U.S.A).

[0040] In a particular aspect, the materials having nano-platelet morphology in the current invention are prepared by a hydrothermal processes. Hydrothermal processes can include techniques of crystallizing the material from high-temperature aqueous solutions at high vapor pressures. Crystal growth can be performed in a pressure vessel, such as an autoclave using autogenous pressure, by a temperature-difference method, temperature-reduction method, or a metastable-phase technique. In a particular embodiment, the crystal growth is performed in an autoclave. In one aspect of the hydrothermal process, the aqueous synthesis gel prepared by mixing the reactants can be autoclaved at a temperature of 120 C. to 180 C., preferably 140 C. to 160 C., and all temperatures therebetween including 141 C., 142 C., 143 C., 144 C., 145 C., 146 C., 147 C., 148 C., 149 C., 150 C., 151 C., 152 C., 153 C., 154 C., 155 C., 156 C., 157 C., 158 C., or 159 C., for 48 hours to 196 hours, preferably 96 hours to 144 hours, and all periods of time therebetween including 97 hours, 98 hours, 99 hours, 100 hours, 101 hours, 102 hours, 103 hours, 104 hours, 105 hours, 106 hours, 107 hours, 108 hours, 109 hours, 110 hours, 111 hours, 112 hours, 113 hours, 114 hours, 115 hours, 116 hours, 117 hours, 118 hours, 119 hours, 120 hours, 121 hours, 122 hours, 123 hours, 124 hours, 125 hours, 126 hours, 127 hours, 128 hours, 129 hours, 130 hours, 131 hours, 132 hours, 133 hours, 134 hours, 135 hours, 136 hours, 137 hours, 138 hours, 139 hours, 140 hours, 141 hours, 142 hours, or 143 hours to provide the nano-platelet catalyst. In another aspect, the nano-platelet catalysts can be further calcined. Calcination can include subjecting the crystalline material to a temperature of 400 C. to 700 C., preferably 500 C. to 600 C. and all temperature there between including 510 C., 520 C., 525 C., 530 C., 535 C., 540 C., 545 C., 550 C., 555 C., 560 C., 565 C., 570 C., 575 C., 580 C., 585 C., 590 C., or 595 C., for a period of 2 hours to 12 hours, preferably 3 hours to 10 hours, and all times there between including 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 7.5 hours, 8 hours, 8.5 hours, 9 hours, or 9.5 hours in the presence of an oxygen source (e.g., air).

[0041] In a further aspect, a method is disclosed for converting an alkyl halide to an olefin. The method can include contacting a SAPO-34 molecular sieve including SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3/P.sub.2O.sub.5, where the SAPO-34 molecular sieve has platelet morphology and the thickness of the platelet is less than 20 nm, with a feed containing an alkyl halide under reaction conditions sufficient to produce an olefin hydrocarbon product stream that includes C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins.

[0042] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that SAPO-34 catalysts prepared using the specified equivalents of reactants, TEAOH as a templating agent, under the specified hydrothermal conditions surprisingly provides nano-platelet crystal morphology that minimizes the diffusion path through the catalytic material, which benefits the methods and systems for converting alkyl halides to olefins as currently disclosed.

B. Alkyl Halide Feed

[0043] The alkyl halide feed can include one or more alkyl halides. The alkyl halide feed can contain alkyl mono halides, alkyl dihalides, alkyl trihalides, preferably alkyl mono halide with less than 10% of other halides relative to the total halides. The alkyl halide feed can also contain nitrogen, helium, steam, and so on as inert compounds. The alkyl halide in the feed can have the following structure: C.sub.nH.sub.(2n+2)-mX.sub.m, where n and m are integers, n ranges from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, even more preferably 1, m ranges 1 to 3, preferably 1, X is Br, F, I, or Cl. In particular aspects, the feed can include about 10, 15, 20, 40, 50 mole % or more of the alkyl halide. In a particular embodiment, the feed can contain up to 10 mole % or more of a methyl halide. In preferred aspects, the methyl halide is methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl fluoride, or methyl iodide, or any combination thereof. The feed stream can also include some alcohol. In a particular embodiment, the feed stream includes less than 5 wt. % alcohol, preferably less than 1 wt. % alcohol, or preferably is alcohol free (e.g., less 0.01 wt. %, or 0 wt. % or not detectable alcohol). In one instance, the alcohol is methanol.

[0044] The production of alkyl halide, particularly of methyl chloride (CH.sub.3Cl, See Equation (I) below), is commercially produced by thermal chlorination of methane at 400 C. to 450 C. and at a raised pressure. Catalytic oxychlorination of methane to methyl chloride is also known. In addition, methyl chloride is commercially manufactured by reaction of methanol and HCl at 180 C. to 200 C. using a catalyst. Alternatively, methyl halides are commercially available from a wide range of sources (e.g., Praxair, Danbury, Conn.; Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, Mo.; BOC Sciences USA, Shirley, N.Y.). In preferred aspects, methyl chloride and methyl bromide can be used alone, or in combination.

C. Olefin Production

[0045] The nano-platelet SAPO-34 catalysts of the present invention catalyze the conversion of alkyl halides to C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butenes (e.g., 1-butene and/or 2-butene). The following non-limiting two-step process is an example of conversion of methane to methyl chloride and conversion of methyl chloride to ethylene, propylene and butylene. The second step (Equation (II)) illustrates the reactions that are believed to occur in the context of the present invention:

##STR00001##

Besides the C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins the reaction may produce byproducts such as methane, C.sub.5 olefins, C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkanes and aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene and xylene.

[0046] Conditions sufficient for olefin production (e.g., ethylene, propylene and butylene as shown in Equation (II)) include temperature, time, alkyl halide concentration, space velocity, and pressure. The temperature range for olefin production may range from about 300 C. to 500 C., preferably ranging 350 C. to 450 C. A weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of alkyl halide higher than 0.5 h.sup.1 can be used, preferably between 1.0 and 10 h.sup.1, more preferably between 2.0 and 3.5 h.sup.1. The conversion of alkyl halide is carried out at a pressure less than 145 psig (1 MPa) and preferably less than 73 psig (0.5 MPa), or at atmospheric pressure (0.101 MPa). The conditions for olefin production can be varied based on the type of the reactor.

[0047] The methods and system disclosed herein can also include the ability to regenerate used/deactivated catalyst in a continuous process such as in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)-type process or reactor or a circulating catalyst bed process or reactor. The method and system can further include collecting or storing the produced olefin hydrocarbon product along with using the produced olefin hydrocarbon product to produce a petrochemical or a polymer.

D. Catalyst Activity/Selectivity

[0048] Catalytic activity as measured by alkyl halide conversion can be expressed as the percent (%) moles of the alkyl halide converted with respect to the moles of alkyl halide fed. In particular aspects, the combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene is at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, or most preferably 90% to 98% (e.g., 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or more) under certain reaction conditions. The maximum combined space time yield (STY) of ethylene and propylene can be at least 1/hr, or 1/hr to 3/hr. The maximum conversion of alkyl halide can be at least 65% or 70% to 80%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%. In certain instances, the selectivity of ethylene is about 40% or higher and the selectivity of propylene is about 30% or higher. The maximum selectivity of ethylene can be 50% to 60% (e.g., 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, or more) and the maximum selectivity of propylene is 35% to 45% (e.g., 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, or more).

[0049] As an example, chloromethane (CH.sub.3Cl) can be used define conversion and maximum selectivity of products by the following equations (III)-(VII):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\%.Math..Math.{\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Conversion}=\frac{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.-\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right)}{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.}100,& \left(\mathrm{III}\right)\end{array}$

where, (CH.sub.3Cl).sup.o and (CH.sub.3Cl) are moles of methyl chloride in the feed and reaction product, respectively.

[0050] Maximum selectivity is defined as C-mole % and is defined for ethylene, propylene, and so on as follows:

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}\%.Math..Math.\mathrm{Ethylene}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Selectivity}=\frac{2.Math.\left(C_2.Math.H_4\right)}{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.-\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right)}100,& \left(\mathrm{IV}\right)\end{array}$

where the numerator is the carbon adjusted mole of ethylene and the denominator is the moles of carbon converted.

[0051] Maximum selectivity for propylene may be expressed as:

[00003]$\begin{array}{cc}\%.Math..Math.\mathrm{Propylene}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Selectivity}=\frac{3.Math.\left(C_3.Math.H_6\right)}{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.-\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right)}100,& \left(V\right)\end{array}$

where the numerator is the carbon adjusted mole of propylene and the denominator is the moles of carbon converted.

[0052] Maximum selectivity for butylene may be expressed as:

[00004]$\begin{array}{cc}\%.Math..Math.\mathrm{Butylene}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Selectivity}=\frac{4.Math.\left(C_4.Math.H_8\right)}{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.-\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right)}100,& \left(\mathrm{VI}\right)\end{array}$

where the numerator is the carbon adjusted mole of butylene and the denominator is the moles of carbon converted.

[0053] Selectivity for aromatic compounds may be expressed as:

[00005]$\begin{array}{cc}\%.Math..Math.\mathrm{Aromatics}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Selectivity}=\frac{6.Math.\left(C_6.Math.H_6\right)+7.Math.\left(C_7.Math.H_8\right)+8.Math.\left(C_8.Math.H_{10}\right)}{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right).Math.-\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3.Math.\mathrm{Cl}\right)}100& \left(\mathrm{VII}\right)\end{array}$

E. Olefin Production System

[0054] Referring to FIG. 2, a system 10 is illustrated, which can be used to convert alkyl halides to olefin hydrocarbon products with the nano-platelet SAPO-34 catalysts of the present invention. The system 10 can include an alkyl halide source 11, a reactor 12, and a collection device 13. The alkyl halide source 11 can be configured to be in fluid communication with the reactor 12 via an inlet 17 on the reactor. As explained above, the alkyl halide source can be configured such that it regulates the amount of alkyl halide feed entering the reactor 12. The reactor 12 can include a reaction zone 18 having the nano-platelet SAPO-34 catalyst 14 of the present invention. The amounts of the alkyl halide feed 11 and the catalyst 14 used can be modified as desired to achieve a given amount of product produced by the system 10. Non-limiting examples of reactors that can be used include fixed-bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors, bubbling bed reactors, slurry reactors, rotating kiln reactors, or any combinations thereof when two or more reactors are used. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)-type reactors or circulating catalyst bed reactors permit the regeneration of used/deactivated catalyst in a continuous process. The reactor 12 can include an outlet 15 for products produced in the reaction zone 18. The products produced can include ethylene, propylene and butylene. The collection device 13 can be in fluid communication with the reactor 12 via the outlet 15. Both the inlet 17 and the outlet 15 can be open and closed as desired. The collection device 13 can be configured to store, further process, or transfer desired reaction products (e.g., C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins) for other uses. By way of example only, FIG. 1 provides non-limiting uses of propylene produced from the catalysts and processes of the present invention. Still further, the system 10 can also include a heating source 16. The heating source 16 can be configured to heat the reaction zone 18 to a temperature sufficient (e.g., 325 to 375 C.) to convert the alkyl halides in the alkyl halide feed to olefin hydrocarbon products. A non-limiting example of a heating source 16 can be a temperature controlled furnace. Additionally, any unreacted alkyl halide can be recycled and included in the alkyl halide feed to further maximize the overall conversion of alkyl halide to olefin products. Further, certain products or byproducts such as butylene, C.sub.5+ olefins and C.sub.2+ alkanes can be separated and used in other processes to produce commercially valuable chemicals (e.g., propylene). This increases the efficiency and commercial value of the alkyl halide conversion process of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

[0055] The present invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results. The materials used in the following examples are described in Table 1, and were used as-described unless specifically stated otherwise.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Material Source Colloidal Silica (Ludox SM-40), 40 wt. % SiO2 Sigma-Aldrich Aluminum iso-propoxide (Al(O-i-Pr)3), 98% purity Sigma-Aldrich Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 85 wt. % aqueous Sigma Aldrich Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 37 wt. % HCl aqueous Sigma-Aldrich Tetraethylammonium hydroxide ((C2H5)4N(OH)), Sigma Aldrich 35 wt. % aqueous Water (deionized) SABIC labs

Example 1

Catalyst of the Present Invention Preparation

[0056] Catalyst 100 was prepared from the ingredients listed in Table 1 in a synthesis molar ratio of 1TEAOH:0.6SiO.sub.2:1Al.sub.2O.sub.3:1P.sub.2O.sub.5:45H.sub.2O. Aluminum isopropoxide was added slowly (over 30 min) with vigorous stirring to avoid formation of lumps to an aqueous solution of H.sub.3PO.sub.4. The slurry was allowed to stir for 2.5 hrs. Next, colloidal silica was added drop-wise (over 15 min) to the slurry and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. TEAOH was then added to the above slurry and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours. The synthesis gel was transferred into a Teflon liner and placed inside a stainless-steel autoclave and was heated at 150 C. for 120 hours. The solid product was separated by centrifugation, washed with distilled water several times, and dried overnight at 90 C. The dried catalyst sample was calcined at 550 C. for 3-10 h to remove any remaining organic template and powdered.

Example 2

Comparative Catalyst Preparation

[0057] Comparative catalyst 200, was prepared from the ingredients listed in Table 1 in a synthesis molar ratio of 1.2TEAOH:0.3SiO.sub.2:1Al.sub.2O.sub.3:1P.sub.2O.sub.5:57H.sub.2O and using conventional SAPO-34 methodology. Aluminum isopropoxide was added slowly (over 30 min) with vigorous stirring to avoid formation of lumps to an aqueous solution of H.sub.3PO.sub.4. The slurry was allowed to stir for 2.5 hrs. Next, colloidal silica was added drop-wise (over 15 min) to the slurry and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. TEAOH was then added to the above slurry and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours. The synthesis gel was transferred into a Teflon liner and placed inside a stainless-steel autoclave and was heated at 190 C. for 24 hours. The solid product was separated by centrifugation, washed with distilled water several times, and dried overnight at 90 C. The dried catalyst sample was calcined at 550 C. for 3-10 h to remove any remaining organic template and powdered.

Example 3

Characterization of Catalyst 100 and Comparative Catalyst 200

[0058] Catalyst 100, Nano-Platelet SAPO-34:

[0059] Catalyst 100 was characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM). Catalyst 100 had a nano-platelet crystal morphology having thickness of less than 20 nm. FIG. 3 shows scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the nano-platelet SAPO-34 molecular sieve at 2000, 5000, 10000, and 30000 magnifications.

[0060] Comparative Catalyst 200, Conventional SAPO-34:

[0061] Comparative catalyst 200 was characterized using SEM. Comparative catalyst 200 had a cubic crystal morphology having 0.2 to 4 micron diameters. FIG. 4 shows scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the conventionally prepared SAPO-34 molecular sieve at 10000 and 30000 magnifications.

Example 4

Methyl Chloride Conversion Reactions of Catalyst 100 and Comparative Catalyst 200

[0062] Catalysts 100 and comparative catalyst 200 were tested for methyl chloride conversion by using a fixed-bed tubular reactor at about 450 C. for a period of 5 h. For catalytic testing the powder catalysts were pressed and then crushed and sized between 20 and 40 mesh screens. In each test a fresh load of sized (20-40 mesh) catalyst (1.0 g) was loaded in a stainless steel tubular (-inch outer diameter) reactor. The catalyst was dried at 200 C. under N.sub.2 flow (100 cm.sup.3/min) for an hour and then temperature was raised to 450 C. at which time N.sub.2 was replaced by methyl chloride feed (100 cm.sup.3/min) containing 20 mol % CH.sub.3Cl in N.sub.2. The weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of CH.sub.3Cl was about 0.8 h.sup.1 to 3.0 h.sup.1 and reactor inlet pressure was about 0 MPa. The SAR, percent CH.sub.3Cl conversion, turn over frequency (TOF), C.sub.2 percent selectivity, C.sub.3 percent selectivity of the catalysts of present invention are listed in Table 2. Selectivities were based on methyl chloride and are carbon-based.

[0063] Table 2 below provides the CH.sub.3Cl conversion and selectivity to C.sub.2 and C.sub.3 olefins at 5 h run time for the catalyst 100 and 200. FIG. 5 shows graphical data for chloromethane conversion comparing the nano-platelet SAPO-34 catalyst 100 with a comparative catalyst 200 prepared SAPO-34 molecular sieve 200.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Conversion C.sub.2 Olefin C.sub.3 Olefin Catalyst (%) TOF Selectivity Selectivity STY* 100 64 1.94 54 32 1.10 200 38 1.16 53 33 0.67 *Space Time Yield (Tonnes [C.sub.2 + C.sub.3]/Tonnes Catalyst/hr)

[0064] As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 2, the nano-platelet SAPO-34 catalyst had a higher initial chloromethane conversion.