A process for the production of organic acids having at least three carbon atoms comprises the steps of forming an amount of carbon monoxide and reacting the amount of carbon monoxide with an amount of an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a supported palladium catalyst, a strong acid, and a phosphine. In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydrocarbon is one of acetylene and methylacetylene, and the organic acid is one of acrylic acid and methyl acrylic acid. The reacting step is preferably performed with carbon monoxide produced from carbon dioxide.

Provided are synthesis processes and intermediates for preparing cannabinoids and analogs.

Provided are synthesis processes and intermediates for preparing cannabinoids and analogs.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for synthesizing a fatty olefin derivative. The method includes: a) contacting an olefin according to Formula I ##STR00001##
with a metathesis reaction partner according to Formula IIb ##STR00002##
in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesis product according to Formula IIIb: ##STR00003##
and b) converting the metathesis product to the fatty olefin derivative. Each R.sup.1 is independently selected from H, C.sub.1-18 alkyl, and C.sub.2-18 alkenyl; R.sup.2b is C.sub.1-8 alkyl; subscript y is an integer ranging from 0 to 17; and subscript z is an integer ranging from 0 to 17. In certain embodiments, the metathesis catalyst is a tungsten catalyst or a molybdenum catalyst. In various embodiments, the fatty olefin derivative is a pheromone. Pheromone compositions and methods of using them are also described.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for synthesizing a fatty olefin derivative. The method includes: a) contacting an olefin according to Formula I ##STR00001##
with a metathesis reaction partner according to Formula IIb ##STR00002##
in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesis product according to Formula IIIb: ##STR00003##
and b) converting the metathesis product to the fatty olefin derivative. Each R.sup.1 is independently selected from H, C.sub.1-18 alkyl, and C.sub.2-18 alkenyl; R.sup.2b is C.sub.1-8 alkyl; subscript y is an integer ranging from 0 to 17; and subscript z is an integer ranging from 0 to 17. In certain embodiments, the metathesis catalyst is a tungsten catalyst or a molybdenum catalyst. In various embodiments, the fatty olefin derivative is a pheromone. Pheromone compositions and methods of using them are also described.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for synthesizing a fatty olefin derivative. The method includes: a) contacting an olefin according to Formula I ##STR00001##
with a metathesis reaction partner according to Formula IIb ##STR00002##
in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesis product according to Formula IIIb: ##STR00003##
and b) converting the metathesis product to the fatty olefin derivative. Each R.sup.1 is independently selected from H, C.sub.1-18 alkyl, and C.sub.2-18 alkenyl; R.sup.2b is C.sub.1-8 alkyl; subscript y is an integer ranging from 0 to 17; and subscript z is an integer ranging from 0 to 17. In certain embodiments, the metathesis catalyst is a tungsten catalyst or a molybdenum catalyst. In various embodiments, the fatty olefin derivative is a pheromone. Pheromone compositions and methods of using them are also described.

A fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator, a preparation method thereof, and a UV photocurable composition containing same. The photoinitiator has a compound having a structure as shown in general formula (I) or a derivative compound thereof. The fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator may effectively improve the solubility of traditional photoinitiators and reduce the use of micromolecular active diluents, and may also have high sensitivity and good deep-layer curing. It has very good promotion effect on popularization and application of photocurable compositions, particularly colored ink systems, in the field of photocuring. A UV photocurable composition containing such a fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator can have an advantage in terms of high sensitivity, no residue after development, good pattern integrity, no or little odor of coating layers after curing, or excellent yellowing resistance.

A fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator, a preparation method thereof, and a UV photocurable composition containing same. The photoinitiator has a compound having a structure as shown in general formula (I) or a derivative compound thereof. The fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator may effectively improve the solubility of traditional photoinitiators and reduce the use of micromolecular active diluents, and may also have high sensitivity and good deep-layer curing. It has very good promotion effect on popularization and application of photocurable compositions, particularly colored ink systems, in the field of photocuring. A UV photocurable composition containing such a fluorenylaminoketone photoinitiator can have an advantage in terms of high sensitivity, no residue after development, good pattern integrity, no or little odor of coating layers after curing, or excellent yellowing resistance.

The present invention relates to a catalytic process for the partial reduction of esters or lactones to silyl acetals, which upon hydrolysis give aldehydes, using silanes as reducing agents, preferably triethylsilane (TESH) or 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS), in the presence of novel triaryl borane type catalysts. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel triaryl borane type catalyst compounds of formula (I) which can be applied for the partial reduction of an ester or lactone to a silyl acetal. In the formula R.sub.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are groups having small steric demand and R10 is a group having large steric demand. The invention also relates to N a method for the preparation of aldehydes or lactols wherein said method comprises the following steps: i) an ester or lactone is reacted with a silane in the presence of a compound of formula (I) to obtain a silyl acetal; ii) the obtained silyl acetal is hydrolysed with acidic or fluoride containing reagent to form an aldehyde or lactol; iii) optionally, the resulting aldehyde or lactol is separated and purified.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a catalytic process for the partial reduction of esters or lactones to silyl acetals, which upon hydrolysis give aldehydes, using silanes as reducing agents, preferably triethylsilane (TESH) or 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS), in the presence of novel triaryl borane type catalysts. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel triaryl borane type catalyst compounds of formula (I) which can be applied for the partial reduction of an ester or lactone to a silyl acetal. In the formula R.sub.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are groups having small steric demand and R10 is a group having large steric demand. The invention also relates to N a method for the preparation of aldehydes or lactols wherein said method comprises the following steps: i) an ester or lactone is reacted with a silane in the presence of a compound of formula (I) to obtain a silyl acetal; ii) the obtained silyl acetal is hydrolysed with acidic or fluoride containing reagent to form an aldehyde or lactol; iii) optionally, the resulting aldehyde or lactol is separated and purified.

##STR00001##