The invention relates to a process to separate formic acid from methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) said process comprising subjecting a composition comprising formic acid and MTHF to distillation, characterized in that the process comprises adding water to said distillation. This allows for cost-efficient recovery and recycling of MTHF, for example in process to produce and recover formic acid from a biomass hydrolysate.

The invention relates to a process to separate formic acid from methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) said process comprising subjecting a composition comprising formic acid and MTHF to distillation, characterized in that the process comprises adding water to said distillation. This allows for cost-efficient recovery and recycling of MTHF, for example in process to produce and recover formic acid from a biomass hydrolysate.

The invention relates to a method for separating formic acid from a reaction mixture by means of extraction, wherein, in addition to the formic acid, the reaction mixture comprises a polyoxometalate ion of general formula [PMo.sub.xV.sub.yO.sub.40].sup.n as a catalyst and a solvent that dissolves the catalyst, wherein 6x11, 1y6, x+y=12 and 3<n<10, wherein n, x, and y are each a whole number, wherein the separation occurs via extraction by means of a polar organic extraction agent which extracts the formic acid and the catalyst and which is N(N-Hexadecyl)formamide, N-di-n-acetamide or an N,N-dialkylcarboxamide, wherein the N,N-dialkylcarboxamide forms a phase boundary between the solvent and the extraction agent during mixing with the solvent, wherein the extraction agent is one which, for extraction of the catalyst contained in water at a concentration of 1.5 wt. %, has a catalyst distribution coefficient at 40 C. which is greater by a factor of at least 7 than a distribution coefficient for extraction of the formic acid contained in water at a concentration of 5 wt. % at 40 C., wherein the extraction agent is saturated with the catalyst before the extraction or wherein the catalyst extracted with the formic acid is separated from the extraction agent after extraction by means of precipitation as salt or by means of a further extraction with another polar extraction agent and with a temperature change of the extraction agent and/or an increase of the pH of the extraction agent, and is fed back into the reaction mixture.

The invention relates to a method for separating formic acid from a reaction mixture by means of extraction, wherein, in addition to the formic acid, the reaction mixture comprises a polyoxometalate ion of general formula [PMo.sub.xV.sub.yO.sub.40].sup.n as a catalyst and a solvent that dissolves the catalyst, wherein 6x11, 1y6, x+y=12 and 3<n<10, wherein n, x, and y are each a whole number, wherein the separation occurs via extraction by means of a polar organic extraction agent which extracts the formic acid and the catalyst and which is N(N-Hexadecyl)formamide, N-di-n-acetamide or an N,N-dialkylcarboxamide, wherein the N,N-dialkylcarboxamide forms a phase boundary between the solvent and the extraction agent during mixing with the solvent, wherein the extraction agent is one which, for extraction of the catalyst contained in water at a concentration of 1.5 wt. %, has a catalyst distribution coefficient at 40 C. which is greater by a factor of at least 7 than a distribution coefficient for extraction of the formic acid contained in water at a concentration of 5 wt. % at 40 C., wherein the extraction agent is saturated with the catalyst before the extraction or wherein the catalyst extracted with the formic acid is separated from the extraction agent after extraction by means of precipitation as salt or by means of a further extraction with another polar extraction agent and with a temperature change of the extraction agent and/or an increase of the pH of the extraction agent, and is fed back into the reaction mixture.

The invention relates to a method for separating formic acid from a reaction mixture by means of extraction, wherein, in addition to the formic acid, the reaction mixture comprises a polyoxometalate ion of general formula [PMo.sub.xV.sub.yO.sub.40].sup.n as a catalyst and a solvent that dissolves the catalyst, wherein 6x11, 1y6, x+y=12 and 3<n<10, wherein n, x, and y are each a whole number, wherein the separation occurs via extraction by means of a polar organic extraction agent which extracts the formic acid and the catalyst and which is N(N-Hexadecyl)formamide, N-di-n-acetamide or an N,N-dialkylcarboxamide, wherein the N,N-dialkylcarboxamide forms a phase boundary between the solvent and the extraction agent during mixing with the solvent, wherein the extraction agent is one which, for extraction of the catalyst contained in water at a concentration of 1.5 wt. %, has a catalyst distribution coefficient at 40 C. which is greater by a factor of at least 7 than a distribution coefficient for extraction of the formic acid contained in water at a concentration of 5 wt. % at 40 C., wherein the extraction agent is saturated with the catalyst before the extraction or wherein the catalyst extracted with the formic acid is separated from the extraction agent after extraction by means of precipitation as salt or by means of a further extraction with another polar extraction agent and with a temperature change of the extraction agent and/or an increase of the pH of the extraction agent, and is fed back into the reaction mixture.

An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

An aqueous iron sulfide dissolver including zinc, chromium, a methoxybenzoic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. The iron sulfide dissolver is made by combining these components, and dissolves compounds including iron sulfide upon contact. Evolved hydrogen sulfide reacts with the methoxybenzoic acid to yield solubilized methanethiol as an intermediate product, which is further oxidized to yield dissolved dimethyl disulfide.

The present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and devices for efficiently extracting high quality oils and distillates, such as essential oils and hydrosols, from organic matter, such as plant matters. In some embodiments, organic matter comprises active chemical elements, which are used for therapeutic, medicinal, culinary, and industrial purposes.

The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.