The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

This invention relates to solvents for extracting C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids from aqueous streams. More specifically, the extraction solvents include one or more salts composed of a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and a phosphinate anion. The extraction solvents may further include one or more co-solvents as an enhancer. The co-solvents may be selected from higher carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nitriles. The extraction solvents are useful for extracting aqueous mixtures containing one or more lower carboxylic acids, such as monocarboxylic acids and organofluorine carboxylic acids.

This invention relates to solvents for extracting C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids from aqueous streams. More specifically, the extraction solvents include one or more salts composed of a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and a phosphinate anion. The extraction solvents may further include one or more co-solvents as an enhancer. The co-solvents may be selected from higher carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nitriles. The extraction solvents are useful for extracting aqueous mixtures containing one or more lower carboxylic acids, such as monocarboxylic acids and organofluorine carboxylic acids.

A process for the co-production of acetic acid and dimethyl ether with reduced formic acid content by distilling a mixture comprising dimethyl ether, methanol and methyl formate; separating methyl formate from the mixture to recover dimethyl ether and methanol; and catalytically reacting the methanol and methyl acetate to produce a reaction product of acetic acid an dimethyl ether.

A process for the co-production of acetic acid and dimethyl ether with reduced formic acid content by distilling a mixture comprising dimethyl ether, methanol and methyl formate; separating methyl formate from the mixture to recover dimethyl ether and methanol; and catalytically reacting the methanol and methyl acetate to produce a reaction product of acetic acid an dimethyl ether.

Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of 3,5-diaminopyrazoles, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula IA, that are useful for modulating regulated-in-COPD kinase activity, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods of their use for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a RC kinase-mediated disorder, disease, or condition.

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In a carbon dioxide reduction method according to the present disclose, used is a carbon dioxide reduction device comprising a cathode container in which a first electrolyte containing carbon dioxide is stored, an anode container in which a second electrolyte is stored, a solid electrolyte membrane, a condenser, a cathode electrode having a metal or a metal compound on the surface thereof, and anode electrode having a region formed of a nitride semiconductor layer in which a GaN layer and an Al.sub.xGa.sub.1-xN layer are stacked. The anode electrode is irradiated with light condensed by the condenser and having a wavelength of not more than 360 nanometers to reduce the carbon dioxide contained in the first electrolyte on the cathode electrode.