The invention describes processes to convert biomass char, such as levulinic acid process char, into useful products.

Chromium propionate, as an animal feed supplement, is created employing chromium carbonate and propionic acid as starting materials. A quantity of chromium carbonate is dissolved into water and propionic acid is stirred in to this, followed by calcium oxide. The propionic acid reacts with the chromium carbonate to form chromium propionate. The calcium oxide minimizes the hygroscopic nature of the finished product, to prevent caking and lumping. The chromium propionate appears as a precipitate, which is dried and can be centrifuged to drive out excess propionic acid. The dried precipitate is delumped and ground to a desired particle size. The end product has a minimum of 10% active bio-available chromium(III) content.

Chromium propionate, as an animal feed supplement, is created employing chromium carbonate and propionic acid as starting materials. A quantity of chromium carbonate is dissolved into water and propionic acid is stirred in to this, followed by calcium oxide. The propionic acid reacts with the chromium carbonate to form chromium propionate. The calcium oxide minimizes the hygroscopic nature of the finished product, to prevent caking and lumping. The chromium propionate appears as a precipitate, which is dried and can be centrifuged to drive out excess propionic acid. The dried precipitate is delumped and ground to a desired particle size. The end product has a minimum of 10% active bio-available chromium(III) content.

A process is disclosed for converting acetic acid to isobutene in the presence of a catalyst. In certain embodiments, a Zn.sub.xZr.sub.yO.sub.z mixed oxide catalyst is used for carrying out a gas phase process for converting acetic acid to isobutene. In some embodiments, a Zn.sub.xZr.sub.yO.sub.z mixed oxide catalyst made by an incipient wetness impregnation method is used and is indicated to be very stable for carrying out the conversion.

A process is disclosed for converting acetic acid to isobutene in the presence of a catalyst. In certain embodiments, a Zn.sub.xZr.sub.yO.sub.z mixed oxide catalyst is used for carrying out a gas phase process for converting acetic acid to isobutene. In some embodiments, a Zn.sub.xZr.sub.yO.sub.z mixed oxide catalyst made by an incipient wetness impregnation method is used and is indicated to be very stable for carrying out the conversion.

This invention relates to solvents for extracting C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids from aqueous streams. More specifically, the extraction solvents include one or more salts composed of a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and a carboxylate anion. The extraction solvents may further include one or more non-ionic liquid organic solvents as an enhancer. The extraction solvents are useful for extracting aqueous mixtures containing one or more lower carboxylic acids, such as monocarboxylic acids, alkoxycarboxylic acids, and halogen-containing carboxylic acids.

This invention relates to solvents for extracting C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids from aqueous streams. More specifically, the extraction solvents include one or more salts composed of a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and a carboxylate anion. The extraction solvents may further include one or more non-ionic liquid organic solvents as an enhancer. The extraction solvents are useful for extracting aqueous mixtures containing one or more lower carboxylic acids, such as monocarboxylic acids, alkoxycarboxylic acids, and halogen-containing carboxylic acids.

Disclosed herein are acid addition salt and salt crystals of (6aR, 9aS)-5,6a,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-5-methyl-3-(phenylamino)-2-((4(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)-cyclopent[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazolo[4,3-e]pyrimidin-4(2H)-one, compositions comprising the same as well as methods of making and using such salts and crystals.

Disclosed herein are acid addition salt and salt crystals of (6aR, 9aS)-5,6a,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-5-methyl-3-(phenylamino)-2-((4(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)-cyclopent[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazolo[4,3-e]pyrimidin-4(2H)-one, compositions comprising the same as well as methods of making and using such salts and crystals.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.