A method of hydrogenating unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups is provided, which includes introducing hydrogen to an unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups in the presence of a catalyst to hydrogenate the alkene or alkyne group of the unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups without hydrogenating the carboxylic acid groups of the unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups. The catalyst includes a support, and palladium and metal oxide loaded on the support.

A method of hydrogenating unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups is provided, which includes introducing hydrogen to an unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups in the presence of a catalyst to hydrogenate the alkene or alkyne group of the unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups without hydrogenating the carboxylic acid groups of the unsaturated compound with multi-carboxylic acid groups. The catalyst includes a support, and palladium and metal oxide loaded on the support.

This invention relates to an improved hydrolysis process for the preparation of dicarboxylic acids in which an organic phase comprising triglycerides of carboxylic acids having more than one acid functional group and a mixture comprising dicarboxylic acids, glycerine and partial esters of glycerine are mixed with water and hydrolysed at temperatures of between 50 and 350° C., and at pressures of or above the equilibrium vapor pressure. This process makes it possible to obtain high hydrolysis yields, even in short times.

This invention relates to an improved hydrolysis process for the preparation of dicarboxylic acids in which an organic phase comprising triglycerides of carboxylic acids having more than one acid functional group and a mixture comprising dicarboxylic acids, glycerine and partial esters of glycerine are mixed with water and hydrolysed at temperatures of between 50 and 350° C., and at pressures of or above the equilibrium vapor pressure. This process makes it possible to obtain high hydrolysis yields, even in short times.

This invention relates to an improved hydrolysis process for the preparation of dicarboxylic acids in which an organic phase comprising triglycerides of carboxylic acids having more than one acid functional group and a mixture comprising dicarboxylic acids, glycerine and partial esters of glycerine are mixed with water and hydrolysed at temperatures of between 50 and 350° C., and at pressures of or above the equilibrium vapor pressure. This process makes it possible to obtain high hydrolysis yields, even in short times.

A method for producing dicarboxylic acid. The method includes: subjecting a raw material system including a cyclic olefin and a lower monocarboxylic acid to an addition reaction in the presence of an addition reaction catalyst to generate an intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester; and subjecting the intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester to a ring-opening and oxidation reaction in the presence of an oxidant and an oxidation catalyst to generate a corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition reaction in the dicarboxylic acid synthesis route achieves a high single-pass conversion rate, and the selectivity of the corresponding cyclic carboxylic acid ester is high. The addition-oxidation synthesis route achieves faster reaction rates for both the addition reaction and oxidation reaction, and high yield of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition-oxidation based synthesis route is suitable for continuous, stable and large-scale production of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product.

A method for producing dicarboxylic acid. The method includes: subjecting a raw material system including a cyclic olefin and a lower monocarboxylic acid to an addition reaction in the presence of an addition reaction catalyst to generate an intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester; and subjecting the intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester to a ring-opening and oxidation reaction in the presence of an oxidant and an oxidation catalyst to generate a corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition reaction in the dicarboxylic acid synthesis route achieves a high single-pass conversion rate, and the selectivity of the corresponding cyclic carboxylic acid ester is high. The addition-oxidation synthesis route achieves faster reaction rates for both the addition reaction and oxidation reaction, and high yield of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition-oxidation based synthesis route is suitable for continuous, stable and large-scale production of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product.

A method for conversion of levulinic acid and to a hydrocarbon composition obtainable by the method. The method includes a step of providing a feedstock, a conversion step of subjecting the feedstock to a C—C coupling reaction and a hydrotreatment, and a hydrodeoxygenation step. The content of levulinic acid dimer derivatives having 4 oxygen atoms subjected to the hydrodeoxygenation step is 20 wt.-% or more.

A method for conversion of levulinic acid and to a hydrocarbon composition obtainable by the method. The method includes a step of providing a feedstock, a conversion step of subjecting the feedstock to a C—C coupling reaction and a hydrotreatment, and a hydrodeoxygenation step. The content of levulinic acid dimer derivatives having 4 oxygen atoms subjected to the hydrodeoxygenation step is 20 wt.-% or more.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner. If the process of the invention is performed batch-wise, a column (tower) reactor may be used. If the process of the invention is continuous a microreactor may be used. The invention is characterized in that the starting compound is benzene, and the fluorinated compound produced is a fluorinated benzene, preferably monofluorobenzene.