A method for preparing norbornyl (meth)acrylate by reacting norbornene with (meth)acrylic acid in the presence of boron trifluoride as catalyst, wherein a) boron trifluoride is initially charged in (meth)acrylic acid or an organic solvent, b) the initial charge is heated to a temperature of 75 to 110° C., c) norbornene is added or a mixture comprising norbornene and (meth)acrylic acid is added and d) the norbornyl (meth)acrylate obtained is isolated from the reaction mixture.

A method for producing dicarboxylic acid. The method includes: subjecting a raw material system including a cyclic olefin and a lower monocarboxylic acid to an addition reaction in the presence of an addition reaction catalyst to generate an intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester; and subjecting the intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester to a ring-opening and oxidation reaction in the presence of an oxidant and an oxidation catalyst to generate a corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition reaction in the dicarboxylic acid synthesis route achieves a high single-pass conversion rate, and the selectivity of the corresponding cyclic carboxylic acid ester is high. The addition-oxidation synthesis route achieves faster reaction rates for both the addition reaction and oxidation reaction, and high yield of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition-oxidation based synthesis route is suitable for continuous, stable and large-scale production of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product.

A method for producing dicarboxylic acid. The method includes: subjecting a raw material system including a cyclic olefin and a lower monocarboxylic acid to an addition reaction in the presence of an addition reaction catalyst to generate an intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester; and subjecting the intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester to a ring-opening and oxidation reaction in the presence of an oxidant and an oxidation catalyst to generate a corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition reaction in the dicarboxylic acid synthesis route achieves a high single-pass conversion rate, and the selectivity of the corresponding cyclic carboxylic acid ester is high. The addition-oxidation synthesis route achieves faster reaction rates for both the addition reaction and oxidation reaction, and high yield of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition-oxidation based synthesis route is suitable for continuous, stable and large-scale production of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product.

A method for producing dicarboxylic acid. The method includes: subjecting a raw material system including a cyclic olefin and a lower monocarboxylic acid to an addition reaction in the presence of an addition reaction catalyst to generate an intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester; and subjecting the intermediate product system including cyclic carboxylic acid ester to a ring-opening and oxidation reaction in the presence of an oxidant and an oxidation catalyst to generate a corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition reaction in the dicarboxylic acid synthesis route achieves a high single-pass conversion rate, and the selectivity of the corresponding cyclic carboxylic acid ester is high. The addition-oxidation synthesis route achieves faster reaction rates for both the addition reaction and oxidation reaction, and high yield of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product. The addition-oxidation based synthesis route is suitable for continuous, stable and large-scale production of corresponding dicarboxylic acid product.

The method of the disclosure comprises fermenting a gas substrate and a microorganism to generate a fermentation broth comprising the microorganism and the target component; passing the fermentation broth to a separation unit having an ion exchange resin in a continuous ion exchange simulated moving bed; selectively retaining the target component through ion exchange with the resin while passing the microorganism through the bed; regenerating the ion exchange resin; and recovering the target component. Alternatively, the fermentation broth is passed to a first separation zone to separate and recycle a first portion of the fermentation broth comprising the microorganism to the bioreactor and then a second portion of the fermentation broth is passed to a second separation zone comprising ion exchange resin which selectively retains the target component through ion exchange with the resin. The remainder is passed through. The ion exchange resin is regenerated, and the target component recovered.

The method of the disclosure comprises fermenting a gas substrate and a microorganism to generate a fermentation broth comprising the microorganism and the target component; passing the fermentation broth to a separation unit having an ion exchange resin in a continuous ion exchange simulated moving bed; selectively retaining the target component through ion exchange with the resin while passing the microorganism through the bed; regenerating the ion exchange resin; and recovering the target component. Alternatively, the fermentation broth is passed to a first separation zone to separate and recycle a first portion of the fermentation broth comprising the microorganism to the bioreactor and then a second portion of the fermentation broth is passed to a second separation zone comprising ion exchange resin which selectively retains the target component through ion exchange with the resin. The remainder is passed through. The ion exchange resin is regenerated, and the target component recovered.

The invention provides an antifouling paint composition comprising at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3); and a vinyl-based copolymer (B).

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The invention provides an antifouling paint composition comprising at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Formula (1), Formula (2), and Formula (3); and a vinyl-based copolymer (B).

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In a method for producing an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester by reacting an aliphatic carboxylic acid having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and an olefin having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in a gas phase by use of a solid acid catalyst, a solid acid catalyst in which a heteropolyacid or a salt thereof is supported on a silica carrier obtainable by kneading fumed silica obtained by a combustion method, silica gel obtained by a gel method, and colloidal silica obtained by a sol-gel method or a water glass method, molding the resulting kneaded product, and calcining the resulting molded body, is used.

In a method for producing an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester by reacting an aliphatic carboxylic acid having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and an olefin having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in a gas phase by use of a solid acid catalyst, a solid acid catalyst in which a heteropolyacid or a salt thereof is supported on a silica carrier obtainable by kneading fumed silica obtained by a combustion method, silica gel obtained by a gel method, and colloidal silica obtained by a sol-gel method or a water glass method, molding the resulting kneaded product, and calcining the resulting molded body, is used.