In a cross coupling reaction, in a case where a halogen atom is selected as the leaving group of the raw material compound, a harmful halogen waste forms as a by-product after the reaction, and disposal of the waste liquid is complicated and environmental burden is high. In a carbon-hydrogen activation cross coupling reaction which requires no halogen atom as the leaving group, although no halogen waste forms as a by-product, the reaction substrate is considerably restricted, and the reaction remains a limited molecular construction method.

A method for producing an aromatic compound, which comprises subjecting an aromatic nitro compound and a boronic acid compound to a cross coupling reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst.

The present invention provides a resist or a compound for use as a resist, which is highly sensitive and well-balanced without losing the fundamental physical properties required as a chemically amplified resist (e.g., resolution, line edge roughness (LER)). The present invention is directed to a (meth)acrylate compound represented by general formula (1) and a process for preparation thereof, as well as a (meth)acrylic copolymer obtainable by polymerization of the (meth)acrylate compound of general formula (1) and a photosensitive resin composition thereof: ##STR00001##
(wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sub.2 represents a linear or branched alkyl group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and each R.sub.3 may be the same or different and represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3), etc.) ##STR00002##
(provided that formulae (2) and (3) are as defined in the specification of the present application).

The present invention provides a resist or a compound for use as a resist, which is highly sensitive and well-balanced without losing the fundamental physical properties required as a chemically amplified resist (e.g., resolution, line edge roughness (LER)). The present invention is directed to a (meth)acrylate compound represented by general formula (1) and a process for preparation thereof, as well as a (meth)acrylic copolymer obtainable by polymerization of the (meth)acrylate compound of general formula (1) and a photosensitive resin composition thereof: ##STR00001##
(wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sub.2 represents a linear or branched alkyl group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and each R.sub.3 may be the same or different and represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3), etc.) ##STR00002##
(provided that formulae (2) and (3) are as defined in the specification of the present application).

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

A method for preparing a salt of acetylsalicylic acid and a basic amino acid. A solution of acetylsalicylic acid and a solution of said basic amino acid are mixed in a reactor, at a temperature lower than or equal to 30 C. at atmospheric pressure. The mixture is created by simultaneously and progressively introducing the acetylsalicylic acid and the basic amino acid into the reactor in amounts that are always equimolar.

A method for preparing a salt of acetylsalicylic acid and a basic amino acid. A solution of acetylsalicylic acid and a solution of said basic amino acid are mixed in a reactor, at a temperature lower than or equal to 30 C. at atmospheric pressure. The mixture is created by simultaneously and progressively introducing the acetylsalicylic acid and the basic amino acid into the reactor in amounts that are always equimolar.

A method for preparing a salt of acetylsalicylic acid and a basic amino acid. A solution of acetylsalicylic acid and a solution of said basic amino acid are mixed in a reactor, at a temperature lower than or equal to 30 C. at atmospheric pressure. The mixture is created by simultaneously and progressively introducing the acetylsalicylic acid and the basic amino acid into the reactor in amounts that are always equimolar.

Provided is a production method whereby corresponding carboxylic acid anhydrides and carboxylic acid esters can be obtained at high yield from various carboxylic acids even without a solvent and near room temperature. A method for producing a carboxylic acid anhydride represented by formula (II), the method comprising reacting a compound represented by formula (I) and a carboxylic acid in the presence of a Group II metal compound having an ionic ligand containing an oxygen atom. A method for producing a carboxylic acid ester, the method comprising reacting a carboxylic acid anhydride produced by the aforementioned method and an alcohol. In formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group. In formula (II), R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group.