The present invention has an object of providing a carboxylate compound that is useful as a raw material for fragrance compositions and has a fruity aroma, a method for producing the same, and a fragrance composition containing the carboxylate compound.

The carboxylate compound of the present invention is represented by Formula (1).

##STR00001## where, R is an alkyl group having from 2 to 6 carbons.

Processes for producing a disubstituted oxalate are disclosed. The process includes contacting a mixture of cesium salt and gamma alumina with one or more alcohols and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a composition comprising a disubstituted oxalate.

Processes for producing a disubstituted oxalate are disclosed. The process includes contacting a mixture of cesium salt and gamma alumina with one or more alcohols and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a composition comprising a disubstituted oxalate.

It is provided a method of converting a carbonaceous material into syngas at a carbon conversion rate of at least 78% comprising gasifying the carbonaceous material in a fluidized bed reactor producing a crude syngas, classifying the crude syngas by particle size and density into a cut sizing device, introducing the classified particle crude syngas into a thermal reformer and reforming the classified crude syngas at a temperature above mineral melting point, producing the syngas.

It is provided a method of converting a carbonaceous material into syngas at a carbon conversion rate of at least 78% comprising gasifying the carbonaceous material in a fluidized bed reactor producing a crude syngas, classifying the crude syngas by particle size and density into a cut sizing device, introducing the classified particle crude syngas into a thermal reformer and reforming the classified crude syngas at a temperature above mineral melting point, producing the syngas.

Ru-catalysed domino hydroformylation/hydrogenation/esterification using phosphine ligands.

Ru-catalysed domino hydroformylation/hydrogenation/esterification using phosphine ligands.

The present invention provides a method for producing a bifunctional compound having a norbornane skeleton, the method comprising a step of hydroformylating a compound having an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of the carbon monoxide to the hydrogen during the reaction is 55/45 or more and 95/5 or less in the hydroformylating step.

The present invention has an object of providing a carboxylate compound that is useful as a raw material for fragrance compositions and has a fruity aroma, a method for producing the same, and a fragrance composition containing the carboxylate compound. The carboxylate compound of the present invention is represented by Formula (1). ##STR00001## where, R is an alkyl group having from 2 to 6 carbons.

The present invention has an object of providing a carboxylate compound that is useful as a raw material for fragrance compositions and has a fruity aroma, a method for producing the same, and a fragrance composition containing the carboxylate compound. The carboxylate compound of the present invention is represented by Formula (1). ##STR00001## where, R is an alkyl group having from 2 to 6 carbons.