The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for continuously purifying a reaction product of esterification, where the system includes a neutralizer, a distiller, and a product purifier. Through the present system and the method, it is possible to perform a continuous purification process efficiently, and to reduce lower alcohol wastewater generated during purification.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) and to their use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response:

##STR00001## wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.B are as defined herein.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) and to their use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response:

##STR00001## wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.B are as defined herein.

An object, of the present invention is to provide a new liquid-repellent coating film. This object can be achieved by a coating film that has a fluorine content of less than 1 wt %, a water contact angle (droplet: 2 L) of 115 or more, and a water contact angle of 300 or more after surface friction with a PET film (under a load of 100 gf/cm.sup.2; 1500 reciprocations); and that satisfies at least one of the following regarding surface roughness indices: (a) an average surface roughness Ra of 1.6 m or more; and (b) a Wenzel roughness factor of 1.2 or more.

An object, of the present invention is to provide a new liquid-repellent coating film. This object can be achieved by a coating film that has a fluorine content of less than 1 wt %, a water contact angle (droplet: 2 L) of 115 or more, and a water contact angle of 300 or more after surface friction with a PET film (under a load of 100 gf/cm.sup.2; 1500 reciprocations); and that satisfies at least one of the following regarding surface roughness indices: (a) an average surface roughness Ra of 1.6 m or more; and (b) a Wenzel roughness factor of 1.2 or more.

An electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.101 and R.sup.102 are the same as or different from each other and are each a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and R.sup.103 is an alkyl group or an organic group containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device and lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution, and a module including the electrochemical device or lithium ion secondary battery.

An electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.101 and R.sup.102 are the same as or different from each other and are each a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and R.sup.103 is an alkyl group or an organic group containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device and lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution, and a module including the electrochemical device or lithium ion secondary battery.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a catalyst for synthesizing a fatty acid methyl or ethyl ester and a method for manufacturing a fatty acid methyl or ethyl ester using the catalyst. It provides a method for manufacturing a solid catalyst by mixing the oxides of manganese as active catalytic material and the soda lime glass as carrier wherein the content of the oxides of manganese is in the range of 0.1 w % to 70 w %, molding the mixture to spherical or cylindrical shape and sintering the molded catalyst. It also provides a method for manufacturing fatty acid methyl or ethyl ester with high purity by reacting fatty acid or a mixture of oil and fatty acid with methanol or ethanol by placing the solid catalyst in the reactor.

This disclosure relates to ester compounds derived from neo-alcohol, lubricating oil base stocks comprising such ester compounds, lubricating oil compositions comprising such ester compounds, and method for making such compounds and/or base stocks. The lubricating oil base stocks comprising the ester compounds exhibit desirable lubricating properties such as polarity and oxidation stability.

This disclosure relates to ester compounds derived from neo-alcohol, lubricating oil base stocks comprising such ester compounds, lubricating oil compositions comprising such ester compounds, and method for making such compounds and/or base stocks. The lubricating oil base stocks comprising the ester compounds exhibit desirable lubricating properties such as polarity and oxidation stability.